How to judge the blood nature of ABO and how to judge ABO blood type

In general, it can be judged by the personality of the person: type A is introverted, type B is extroverted and lively, type O has a calm and generous personality, and type AB is between type A and type B, which is not easy to judge.

If you know the blood type of your parents, you can make a simple judgment.

However, to get an accurate blood type, it is best to go to the hospital for a laboratory test.

Here's how to judge:

Both parents have blood type O+O

The child's blood type may be O

The blood type of the child cannot be A, AB, or B

Blood type O+A of both parents

The child may have blood type A and O

It is impossible for a child to have AB or B blood type

Both parents have blood type O+B

Children may have blood type B or O

It is impossible for a child to have a blood type A or AB

Parental blood type O+AB

Children may have blood types A and B

It is impossible for a child to have a blood type of O or AB

Both parents have blood type A+A

The child may have blood type A and O

It is impossible for a child to have AB or B blood type

Both parents have blood type A+B

Your child may have blood types AB, B, A, O

It is not possible for a child to have a blood type.

Both parents have blood type A+AB

The child's blood type may be A, B, or AB

It is impossible for a child to have an o

Both parents have blood type B+B

Children may have blood type B or O

It is impossible for a child to have a blood type A or AB

Both parents have blood type B+AB

Children may have blood types B, A, and AB

It is impossible for a child to have an o

Parental blood type AB+AB

The child's blood type may be A, B, or AB

It is impossible for a child to have an o

Principles of blood grouping.

Saline agglutination is commonly used to detect the presence of blood group antigens on red blood cells and the presence of blood group antibodies in serum, and the blood group is determined based on the presence of antigen antibodies. The conventional methods are: Forward Training:

Standard serum with known antibodies is used to check for unknown antigens on red blood cells. Reverse stereotyping: Serum is checked for unknown antibodies with standard red blood cells of known blood type.

The result was determined that all red blood cells with agglutination were positive, and those in a scattered free state were negative. The principles of ABO blood group typing are shown in Table 1-5-2.

2.Identification Methods.

1) Normal saline agglutination method: slide method: simple operation, suitable for a large number of specimens examination, but the reaction time is long; Patients with low serum antibody titers are less likely to cause red blood cell agglutination and are therefore not suitable for reverse stereotyping.

Test tube method: because centrifugation can accelerate the agglutination reaction, the reaction time is short, and with the help of centrifugal force, red blood cells can be closely contacted, promote agglutination, and are suitable for emergency examination.

The antigenicity of red blood cell subtypes is weak, and if the serum efficacy of anti-A and anti-B standards is low, it is easy to cause missed detection or misdetermination. Such errors can be avoided with the addition of type O (anti-A, B) serum and reverse stereotyping.

The results of glass plate agglutination showed that the red blood cells were uniformly distributed, without agglutinating particles, and the red blood cells were dispersed under the microscope. Criteria for judging the strength of agglutination under low magnification:

It is one or several clots, and only a few single free red blood cells are (++ are several large granular clots, and a few single free red blood cells are (++ several small agglutinated particles and a part of fine agglutinated particles, and free red blood cells account for about 1 2 (++ Numerous fine sand-like small agglutinated particles can be seen with the naked eye. Under the microscope, there are more than 5 8 red blood cells agglutinated in each coagulation group (+) can be seen that the number of red blood cells agglutinated together, there are many free red blood cells around ( ) A very small number of red blood cells can be seen agglutinated, and most of the red blood cells are still scattered and distributed in the appearance of mixed agglutination. No cell agglutination was observed under the microscope, and the red blood cells were evenly distributed as (-).

2) Gel microcolumn method: It is an immunological method in which red blood cell antigens and corresponding antibodies react in the gel microcolumn medium. Blood group antibodies are monoclonal antibodies, which can be directly observed with the naked eye or analyzed by blood grouping instruments after adding reagents and specimens, and centrifuged with a special centrifuge.

The operation of this method is standardized, and the quantitative sampling is quantitatively added to ensure the accuracy of the results.

3.Anti-A, anti-B, and anti-AB standard serum standards.

The quasi-serum is collected from healthy people and should meet the following conditions: Specificity: can only agglutinate with the corresponding red blood cell antigens, and there is no non-specific agglutination.

Titer: The serum titers of standard anti-A and anti-B in China are above 1:128.

Affinity: Chinese standards require that the reaction of anti-A to A1, A2 and A2B and the time for agglutination to begin is 15s, 30s and 45s, respectively; The time for anti-B to B red blood cells to begin to agglutinate is 15 seconds. When the agglutination strength is 3min, the clot is not less than 1mm2.

Cold agglutinin titer: below 1:4.

Asepsis. Inactivates complements.

1. Examination significance: The examination significance of ABO blood group identification is to match the blood type. If the blood group does not match during the blood transfusion process, it will cause a severe antigen and antibody reaction, and in severe cases, it will be life-threatening. Advance ABO blood group identification can effectively avoid unexpected risks.

2. Examination value: Although ABO blood group identification has a low examination value in disease diagnosis, it has an extremely important position in clinical first aid. It is also widely used in organ transplantation, infertility, hemolysis, paternity testing, etc.

3. Examination methods: Common methods for ABO blood group identification include: normal saline slide agglutination method, normal saline test tube agglutination method, gel microcolumn method, etc. Patients can choose according to the local medical level and personal physical fitness, and choose under the guidance of the doctor.

4. Related diseases: ABO blood group identification is generally not used for the diagnosis of diseases, but there is a special recurrent slip disease that requires the participation of ABO blood group identification, that is, maternal and child blood group incompatible hemolytic disease.

5. Precautions: ABO blood group identification has almost no requirements for patients. However, it is recommended that young children and elderly frail patients be tested in formal medical institutions, because the antigen quality in these two patients is poor, and there is a higher demand for detection methods.

First, let's look at a topic:

1.【Multiple Choice】A person's serum cannot agglutinate red blood cells of type A blood, but his red blood cells can be agglutinated by the serum of blood type A, and the person's blood group is:

Type. Type. Type. Type.

1.【Answer】b.

It can be seen that when examining the knowledge points of ABO blood type, the basic form of examination is like this, and the specific agglutination situation will be given in the question stem, and then the judgment will be made. Let's talk about how to quickly identify ABO blood group.

Remember**, under physiological circumstances, there must be no anti-A antibody if there is a antigen, and there must be no anti-B antibody if there is a B antigen, otherwise an agglutination reaction will occur.

First of all, according to someone's serum can not make group A red blood cells agglutinate, and there is a antigen in group A red blood cells, since the agglutination reaction does not occur, it means that someone must not have anti-A antibodies; Then according to someone's red blood cells can be agglutinated by the serum of blood type A, the serum of blood type A has anti-B antibody, since agglutination occurs, it means that someone must have B antigen, find B antigen without anti-A antibody from **, there is B antigen is blood type B and blood type AB, there is no anti-A antibody is blood type A and blood type AB, and on the whole, it is AB blood type that is eligible.

ABO blood group is blood group antigen, and the named, antigen includes A, B, and H.

ABO blood group is divided into four types: A, B, AB and O according to whether the surface of red blood cells has A or B antigens. By studying blood type, at the time of medical transfusion, blood type and cross-match blood can be checked to perform isotype transfusion; Newborns can be tested for ABO hemolysis at birth; In organ transplantation, the blood type of the donor and recipient should also be checked; In addition, it can also be used for paternity testing in forensic science.

The identification of blood type needs to be identified by blood test in a regular hospital, or through the blood group genetic pattern table, the blood type is estimated from the known parental blood type, as follows:

1. O and O: The blood type and O that the child will appear

2. A and O: The blood type, A, and O that the child will have

3. A and A: The blood type that will appear in the child, A, O

4. A and B, the blood type that the child will appear, A, B, AB, O5, A and AB: The blood type that the land goddess will appear in the shed, A, B, Ab >

Hello, blood group identification is to draw arterial blood out of the tremor examination, the general hospital has this setting can be detected, after the blood is drawn, it is about half an hour to an hour after the blood is drawn, and only the cave hall can check the report.

This can generally be known in about a week, and blood tests must be taken on an empty stomach!

There are four basic blood types in the ABO blood group system: A, B, O, and AB. There are also a variety of identification methods, and only one of them is Chong Kaibi. The following chart shows the ABO blood grouping system blood grouping and its antigens and antibodies.

Brine medium method.

1.Principle: In saline media, the A and B antigens on the surface of red blood cells specifically bind to the corresponding IgM anti-A and anti-B antibodies, and agglutination appears to the naked eye.

The antigen is on the surface of red blood cells, and the antibody is in serum, which means that antigen A on the surface of red blood cells binds specifically to anti-A antibody in serum and antibody B in serum).

2.Typing: positive and anti-stereotyping.

Positive typing refers to the determination of RBC surface for A or/and/or B antigens with standard serum. (Standard serum means that the antibody contained in the serum is known, if the standard serum contains anti-A antibody, which can be coagglutinated with the naked eye with red blood cells, it means that there is a antigen on the surface of red blood cells, and the result can be known to be type A blood according to the figure above, and so on).

Anti-typing refers to the use of standard red blood cells to measure the presence of anti-A and/or anti-B antibodies in serum. (Standard red blood cells refer to which antigen is known to be on the surface of red blood cells, scattering If the surface of standard red blood cells is a antigen, and the naked eye agglutination occurs with the serum, it means that the serum contains A antibody, and the anti-A antibody exists in type B blood, so the result is blood type B, and so on) ps: The rest of the blood group identification is left to everyone to think about sticking out the tongue.

3.How it works:

1) Positive stereotyping: take 3 test tubes and label them, add 1 drop of the corresponding anti-A, anti-B, and anti-A B standard Sun Ma quasi-serum dropwise, add 1 drop of 2%-5% red blood cell suspension of the person to be tested, mix well, centrifuge, observe the results, and judge the results.

2) Anti-stereotyping: take 3 test tubes and label them with 1 drop of the plasma of the person to be tested, add 1 drop of type A, B, and O type 2%-5% red blood cell suspension respectively, mix well, centrifuge, and observe the results and judge the results.

Note: Red blood cell suspension refers to the stratification of blood after centrifugation, and the red blood cells are sucked out and put into the test tube with a disposable pipette, washed and centrifuged repeatedly with normal saline, and then made by adding normal saline dropwise in proportion.

4.Result judgment.

The principle of ABO blood group identification is carried out by using the principle of antigen and antibody reaction. When the corresponding antibody encounters the corresponding antigen, the agglutination reaction visible to the naked eye will occur, and a person's blood type can be judged by whether the agglutination reaction occurs, and the commonly used method is to take a person's peripheral blood, which is lower than two glass slides, and then use the liquid containing anti-A serum and anti-B serum respectively for instillation to observe whether the blood piece has an agglutination reaction. If there is agglutination with the liquid of anti-A serum, but no agglutination with anti-B antibodies, then it is blood type A, and if it reacts only with anti-B antibodies, it is blood type B.

If it reacts with anti-A antibody and anti-B antibody at the same time, it is AB blood type, and if it does not have an agglutination reaction, it is O blood type.

ABO blood grouping is used to test our blood type. Some of the components contained in our blood can distinguish our blood types, for this classification, we now have at least 20 classification systems, and the ABO blood group system is one of them, and it is also the most common blood classification we have now. In addition to the ABO blood group system, we also use the RH blood group system, for the ABO blood group system, we are mainly divided into A, B, O and AB types, and for the RH blood group system, it is divided into negative and positive.

The main factor that distinguishes the ABO blood group is to look at the type of antigen contained on the surface of mature red blood cells in the person's blood. If the surface of our red blood cells contains a antigen, we call the person blood type A, and in the same way, the red blood cells of blood type B only contain B antigen, and the A antigen and B antigen are both present on the surface of red blood cells, which is the blood type AB that we usually see. The reason why type O blood is called universal blood is because the A antigen and B antigen on the surface of red blood cells are not expressed, so almost all blood types can receive blood transfusion without worrying about rejection.

The principle of ABO blood group identification is to divide blood groups into four types: A, B, AB and O according to the presence or absence of A antigen or B antigen on red blood cells. The red blood cell agglutination test can be used to accurately identify ABO blood group by positive (serum test) and reverse (cell test) stereotype. The so-called positive stereotype is to use the serum of known anti-A and anti-B types to determine whether there is a antigen or B antigen on red blood cells, and the so-called anti-type is to use known A cells and B cells to determine whether there is a corresponding anti-A or anti-B in the serum.

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