What are the two methods of value multiplication The process of value multiplication is .

The production process has a dual nature, on the one hand, the labor process of the worker's labor as a concrete labor to create use value; On the other hand, the labour of the worker, as abstract labour, not only forms value, but also produces the process of value multiplication of surplus value. The capitalist process of production is the unity of the process of labor and the process of multiplication of value.

1. The process of value multiplication in capitalism is first and foremost the process of value formation, that is, the process of creating new value through the transfer of the old value of the means of production and the abstract labor of the workers through the concrete labor of the workers. In the process of value formation, the new value created by the worker is only enough to compensate for the value of the labor force. The process of value multiplication is the production process of surplus value.

2. The working time of workers is divided into two parts: one part is the necessary labor time, and the value created in this part of the time is used to compensate the value of the labor force; The other part is the surplus labor time, during which the value created is appropriated by the capitalist without compensation, i.e., surplus value. Thus, as long as the worker works more than necessary, he can produce surplus value for the capitalist.

Answer]: b The process of time value appreciation of compensating the value of labor is the process of value formation of labor value that has been extended beyond a certain point"Definitely"It is the time that the hired worker devotes to the reproduction of his own wide labor price, that is, the time of necessary labor. The time that a worker works beyond this certain point is the remaining labor time.

The process of capitalist commodity production is necessarily not a mere process of value formation, but a process of value multiplication. Suppose a capitalist who produces leather shoes hires workers at the daily value of his labor at $5. In the production process, a worker needs to spend 4 hours of live labor to produce a pair of leather shoes, and needs to spend 30 yuan on the value of the means of production (20 yuan for labor objects + 10 yuan for labor materials).

Suppose that the new value created by a hired worker in 4 hours is also 5 yuan. In this way, the value of the leather shoes he produced is 35 yuan (the value transferred from 30 yuan + the new value of 5 yuan). If the worker's labor process ends here, and he only works for 4 hours a day to produce a pair of leather shoes, then the capitalist takes the leather shoes produced by the hired workers to the market** and gets back 35 yuan according to their value.

This is exactly equal to the value of the capital he has advanced. The value of labor (5 yuan) is exactly equal to the value created by labor in the labor process (5 yuan). k.

Marx pointed out: "If the process of value formation lasts only to the point where the value of the labour power paid by capital happens to be compensated by the new equivalent, it is a mere process of value formation".

But the capitalist process of production, by its very nature, never ends there. The sole purpose of capitalist production is the extraction of surplus value. In order to achieve this, the capitalists are by no means willing to limit the working day of the wage workers to four hours and produce only one pair of leather shoes.

He will inevitably extend the working day to more than 4 hours, for example, to 8 hours, and ask workers to produce two pairs of leather shoes in one working day, creating a new value of 10 yuan. But the worker's daily wage is still 5 yuan, in which case the capitalist can extract 5 yuan of surplus value. In this way, the process of value formation is transformed into a process of value multiplication.

The secret of the process of value multiplication lies in the fact that the value of the commodity of labor power and the value newly created by labor power in the process of use are two different quantities. From the above example, the capitalist pays the wage worker 5 yuan according to the daily value of the labor force. To maintain the means of subsistence necessary for a day of wage labor, it takes only four hours of social labor to spend the equivalent of noisy luck or 5 yuan.

But, in the eyes of the capitalist, since he has paid his wages according to the daily value of his labour-power, the day-to-day use value of labour-power belongs to him and is at his disposal; He has every right to have the workers work for him for 8 hours in a working day. As a result of the doubling of the daily working hours of the wage worker, the objects of labor and the means of labor consumed by him in production have also doubled: from 30 yuan to 60 yuan.

The amount of new value created in 8 hours has also doubled, from $5 to $10. In this way, the promotion value of the leather shoes produced is 70 yuan. The capitalist got back 70 yuan according to the value of ** leather shoes.

He spent only 65 yuan on the purchase of means of production and labor, so there was a difference of 5 yuan between the value of the shoes and the capital he advanced.

In this way, the process of value formation in capitalist commodity production becomes a process of value multiplication. Therefore, the process of value multiplication is nothing more than the process of value formation that is extended beyond a certain limit. This certain point is the value of the commodity of labor.

If the process of value formation were to last only to the point of merely reproducing the value of the commodity of labour-power, there would be no capitalist process of value multiplication, and there would be no exploitation of wage workers by the capitalists.

The process of value multiplication, that is, the production process of surplus value, refers to the process of forming the part of value that exceeds the value of labor power. In capitalist production, the process of value formation is the process of value multiplication.

The capitalist production process has a duality: as a labor process, the specific labor of the hired worker creates a certain use value, and transfers the original value of the means of production to the new product; As a process of value multiplication, the labor of wage workers forms new values, including surplus value, as abstract labor.