What are the relevant theories of citizen participation and what is the theory of social participati

The commissioning theory follows the neoclassical economic research paradigm with the "homo economicus" hypothesis as the core, and is premised on the following two basic assumptions: The interests of the principal and the **person are conflicting. In the theory of entrustment, both the principal and the person are "economic persons", and the goal of behavior is to maximize their own utility.

In the entrustment relationship, the principal is most concerned about the result, the principal is most concerned about the effort, the interests of the principal directly depend on the cost of the principal (effort paid), the income of the principal is the cost of the principal (the remuneration paid), so the interests between the principal and the person are not consistent, or even conflicting, due to the conflict of interests, the person may use the resource decision-making power entrusted by the principal to seek their own interests, so the principal and the There needs to be some kind of mechanism between people to reconcile the conflicting interests between the two. Information asymmetry between the principal and the ** person. In the entrustment relationship, the principal cannot directly observe the degree of hard work of the **person, while the **person is very clear about the level of effort paid, but the commissioning theory believes that the result is directly related to the level of the person.

Be observable and verifiable. Since the client has no way of knowing the level of effort of the **person, the **person may use the information advantage he has to maximize his own utility. Therefore, the settlor must devise some kind of contract or mechanism to induce the **person to choose the optimal level of effort suitable for the client's interests.

Civic participation is a fundamental way to realize civil rights. In modern democracies, the rights of citizens are recognized and guaranteed by the Constitution.

Citizen participation can effectively prevent the abuse of public power. Power can be abused if it is not checked, and power can lead to both when it is abused.

Citizen participation can make public policy more scientific and democratic. The immediate consequence of citizen participation is often to influence public decision-making and public life.

Civic participation can promote harmony and stability in social life. The process of formulating public policy is essentially a distribution of benefits and.

"Participatory"It is a very broad concept, and there are several representative discourses:"For community development, participatory nature includes community participation in the decision-making process, project implementation, sharing of the benefits of development projects and the participation of beneficiaries in project evaluation";"Participatory involves the effective organization of resource control and the adaptation of social conditions that do not meet this requirement, including existing groups and movements"。Community participation is a process of action through which beneficiaries or groups of beneficiaries influence the direction and course of development projects, including the addition of income-related benefits, personal growth, self-reliance, or other aspects that they deem valuable.

The basic characteristics of participatory nature are summarized: (1) the decision-making role of the community; (2) equitable benefits in the project; (3) the community contributes to decision-making; (4) The community not only has voluntary contributions, but also control. [

Social participation theory refers to the theory that in the governance of social affairs, it should change from a single participation model centered on the market to a pluralistic participation model centered on multiple groups or organizations such as society, market, society, and citizens.

Civic participation is a legitimate, positive, and rational behavior that is an important part of a modern democratic society. Here's the need for civic engagement:

Guarantee of democratic rights: Citizen participation is one of the basic ways to achieve democracy, which can guarantee citizens equal political rights and freedoms. By participating in political life, citizens can understand policies, make demands, and supervise**, so as to achieve democratic decision-making and fair governance.

Sense of Responsibility and Social Participation: Citizen participation can enhance the sense of responsibility and social participation of Qingshen citizens, so that they can better understand society, care about public affairs, and play their role and value through participating in social and political life.

Solving social problems: Participation can help you better understand social problems so that you can solve them more effectively. By participating in social and political life, citizens can put forward constructive opinions and suggestions to assist in formulating better policies and promoting social progress and development.

Promote social harmony: Citizen participation can promote social harmony. Through various forms of participation, citizens can grasp the source to understand the needs and interests of different groups, enhance mutual understanding and trust, and improve social cohesion and stability.

In short, citizen participation is one of the basic characteristics of modern democratic society, which can effectively protect citizens' rights, solve social problems, and promote social harmony and development.

1 Fundamental rights of our citizens:

The basic rights of citizens, also known as constitutional rights, refer to the basic and indispensable rights enjoyed by citizens as stipulated in the Constitution.

1) The right to equality.

The right to equality refers to the right of citizens to enjoy their rights on an equal footing, without any discrimination, and to demand equal protection from the State. It is a basic right granted to citizens by the Constitution of our country, and it is the premise and foundation for citizens to realize other rights. Our Constitution provides:

All citizens of the People's Republic of China are equal before the law. ”

2) Political rights and freedoms.

Political rights and freedoms refer to the rights and freedoms enjoyed by citizens in accordance with the law to participate in the political life of the state, as the main body of the country's political life, and are the basic guarantee provided by the state for citizens to directly participate in political activities. Specifically, it includes two aspects: one is the right to vote and the right to be elected.

China's Constitution stipulates: "Citizens of the People's Republic of China who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and to stand for election, regardless of ethnicity, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education level, property status, or period of residence; However, this excepts apply to persons who have been deprived of their political rights in accordance with the law. "The second is political freedom.

Political freedom mainly refers to the freedom of citizens to express their political will. China's Constitution stipulates: "Citizens of the People's Republic of China shall have freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration.

>3) Freedom of religious belief.

China's Constitution stipulates: "Citizens of the People's Republic of China shall have freedom of religious belief. The implications include:

Citizens have the freedom to believe in or not to believe in a religion, to believe in this or that religion, to believe in this or that religion in the same religion, and to believe in a religion in the past but not to believe in a religion in the past, or to believe in a religion without believing in a religion in the past. The Constitution also stipulates: "No State organ, social organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in or not believe in a religion, and shall not discriminate against citizens who believe in a religion and those who do not believe in a religion."

The State protects normal religious activities. No one may use religion to engage in activities that disrupt social order, harm citizens' health, or obstruct the national education system. "In accordance with the spirit of the Constitution and relevant laws and regulations, no one may organize or join a cult under the banner of freedom of religious belief.

It is mainly reflected in the election and being elected.