Urgent Answers There is no second law of thermodynamics in the universe at all

The second law of thermodynamics is a law based on the observation and summary of experimental results. Although no experimental phenomenon contrary to the second law has been found in the past 100 years, it has never been possible to prove the correctness of the second law theoretically. Since 1993, Denis and other scholars have theoretically questioned the second law of thermodynamics and published some theories about "entropy fluctuations" from the perspective of statistical thermodynamics, such as the more important FT theory [2].

In 2002, he published an article entitled "Experimental Proofs of Small Systems Contrary to the Second Law of Thermodynamics in a Short Time" in Physical Review Letters [3]. From the perspective of experimental observation, it is proved that the spontaneous entropy reduction reaction of heat-and-isolate systems is possible under certain conditions. Although these new discoveries will not affect the existing application of thermodynamics, they will certainly have a certain impact on future thermodynamic research.

The second law of thermodynamics is a macroscopic law, not a microscopic law, so the "questioning" here is not a questioning of the second law of thermodynamics, but a supplement to Newtonian mechanics just like quantum mechanics does.

It is true that there is no second law of thermodynamics in the universe at all, but there are objects that follow the second law of thermodynamics in the universe at all.

What is the second law of thermodynamics.

1) The second law of thermodynamics - the principle of entropy increase of isolated systems: when irreversible changes occur in isolated systems, the entropy of isolated systems increases, and in the limit case (reversible), the entropy remains unchanged. The principle of entropy increase states that any process that reduces the total entropy of an isolated system is impossible.

2) All actual processes are irreversible. Therefore, irreversibility increases the entropy of the isolated system. All processes in an isolated system do not change their total internal energy storage, i.e., energy is conserved in any process.

However, all kinds of irreversible processes can cause the loss of mechanical energy, and any irreversible process is δsiso>0, so entropy can reflect the common property of a certain substance - that is, the essence of entropy increase: an isolated entropy increase means a loss of mechanical energy.

It can be seen from this that when we regard the entire universe as an isolated system, the ability of the entire universe to do work is constantly lost, and the internal energy becomes more and more average, and in the end, the universe has only one temperature and one pressure ......That is, there is no difference between the universes, and the universe is going to perish. This is the basis for the theory of "heat death" in the early 19th century.

However, the "heat death theory" was quickly criticized, and the reason for the criticism was: thermodynamics.

The laws of one and two are only suitable for finite space and finite systems, while the universe is infinite space and infinite systems, so the laws of thermodynamics cannot be generalized to the entire universe.

In fact, due to the emergence of antimatter and negative energy, we do not have many phenomena that we can explain with the laws of physics that we currently know.

The vast majority of scientists have a positive attitude towards the future of the universe as a whole. But the second law of thermodynamics tells us that as time retires, the "entropy" of the entire universe is superimposing, and as a result, it becomes more chaotic and disordered. How should we understand this principle?

As a simple example, if we drop a glass from the air, the glass will shatter into pieces and will never recover. In terms of the second law of thermodynamics, this means an increase in "entropy". In a closed physical system, "entropy" accumulates and makes the whole system more disordered.

The accidental superposition of "entropy" will eventually bring about the inevitable chaos of the whole system.

However, the premise of this principle is that the system exists in a closed space. When external matter enters the system, it is possible to form a dynamic equilibrium situation in the whole system, and even develop in an orderly direction. The superposition of "entropy" is a necessity, but humans can do orderly work, such as melting glass shards and then casting them into a cup.

Using a simple dialectic, we can see that everything is in a connection, and there is almost no such thing as a completely closed system. This means that we can make things more orderly in a local environment. For example, the evolutionary history of life on Earth is a typical "negative teaching material."

In the evolution of species on Earth, a species has different characteristics from the original species due to genetic mutations. This kind of mutation is actually the process of increasing "entropy", and most of the mutations cannot form stable species, but biological evolution is not arbitrary, they are also subject to natural selection, and only those mutant species that are more adapted to the environment can form stable offspring, and finally form new species.

Is there an exchange of matter and energy between our universe and the world outside the universe? That's the key question. What do you think?

Answer] :d All spontaneous processes of manuscript thinking are irreversible. a, work can be converted into heat in its entirety, but heat cannot be converted into motion without causing any other change (external environment); Item b, one of the views of the second law of thermodynamics:

It is not possible to transfer heat spontaneously and unconsciously from a cold object to a hot object;C, the state in which the reverse process cannot be repeated without causing other changes is called an irreversible process.

From several expressions of the second law of thermodynamics, it can be seen who proposed the second law of superthermodynamics, the method of elimination:

Clausius stated that it is impossible to transfer heat from a cold object to a hot object without causing other changes. Clausius counts as one.

Kelvin stated that it is impossible to make a heat engine with a cyclic action, taking heat from a single heat source and turning it completely into work without causing other changes. Kelvin counts as one.

There are also Planck formulations and, more recently, the Black-Head Paula-Kennan formulation.

"According to the first law of thermodynamics: because energy cannot be created out of nothing, a system must absorb heat from the outside world in order to do external work"

Obviously not.

There are two possibilities: a system does work externally, and it can absorb kinetic energy instead of heat.

Another possibility: a system has its own energy, it does not absorb heat, but does external work, and then its own energy decreases. This is in accordance with the law of conservation of energy. "

This question is not exhaustive, and the last half of the question is missing. Next time, be careful that the title is not too long.

1. Clausius stated:

It is not possible to transfer heat from a cold object to a hot object without causing other changes.

The British physicist Kelvin (formerly Thomson) found a dissonance when he studied the work of Carnot and Joule: according to the law of conservation of energy, heat and work should be equivalent, but according to Carnot's theory, heat and work are not exactly the same, because work can be completely turned into heat without any conditions, while heat produces work must be accompanied by the dissipation of heat bending to cold. He said in an essay in 1849:

The theory of heat needs to be seriously reformed, and new experimental facts must be found. Clausius, a contemporary, also studied these issues carefully, and he keenly saw that dissonance existed within Carnot's theory. He pointed out that the conclusion of Carnot's theory that the work of heat must be accompanied by the transfer of heat to cold is correct, and that the amount of heat (i.e., the mass of heat) does not change.

In his 1850 book, Clausius proposed that in the theory of heat, in addition to the law of conservation of energy, another fundamental law must be added: "It is impossible to transfer heat from low to high without some kind of power expenditure or other change." This law came to be known as the second law of thermodynamics.

2. Kelvin Statement:

It is not possible to make a heat engine with a cyclic action, taking heat from a single heat source and turning it completely into work without causing other changes.

This is said in terms of energy consumption. The Kelvin formulation can also be expressed as follows: the second type of perpetual motion machine is not possible.

Kelvin's formulation more directly points out the impossibility of the second type of perpetual motion machine. The so-called second type of perpetual motion machine refers to the proposal of some people, for example, to build a machine that absorbs heat from seawater and uses this heat to do work. This idea does not violate the law of conservation of energy, because it consumes the internal energy of seawater.

The sea is so vast, as long as the temperature of the whole sea water is reduced a little bit, the heat released is astronomical, for people to envy the sales, the sea water is an inexhaustible source of energy, so this kind of imaginary machine is called the second type of perpetual motion machine. As for absorbing heat from seawater to do work, Brother You is drawing heat from a single heat source to make it completely useful work and not have other effects, Kelvin pointed out that this is impossible to achieve, that is, the second type of perpetual motion machine is impossible to achieve.

What is the second law of thermodynamics.

As a reminder, all current theories about black holes are just theories.

Therefore, whether it is correct or not cannot be experimented and verified.

However, the second law of thermodynamics has been proven in other ways.

The second law of thermodynamics is another fundamental law independent of the first law of thermodynamics. This law is not deduced from the first law, it deals with issues that are different from the scope of the first law, and it is a supplement to the first law.

1) The first law only states that the efficiency is 100%, and the second law states that the efficiency is ≠ 100%, which means that the work can be all turned into heat, while the heat cannot be all turned into work through one cycle, that is, there is a difference between mechanical energy and internal energy.

2) The first law states the thermal work equivalence and conversion relationship, stating that energy must be conserved in any process. The second law points out that not all energy conservation processes can be achieved, and the heat from the low-temperature heat source cannot be automatically transferred to the high-temperature heat source, revealing the direction and conditions under which the process proceeds.

3) The first law does not have the concept of temperature, but the second law has the concept of temperature, which raises the problem of high-temperature heat source and low-temperature heat source, and proposes that the effect of the same heat is different under different temperature differences, and it is necessary to distinguish it.

To sum up, the second law of thermodynamics describes the direction of heat transfer, and its content is: the mechanical energy of the regular motion of the molecule can be completely converted into the thermal energy of the irregular motion of the molecule; Thermal energy cannot be completely converted into mechanical energy. According to the second law of thermodynamics, the refrigeration device uses the consumption of mechanical energy or thermal energy as a compensation condition to transfer the heat from the low-temperature heat source (the place that needs to be refrigerated) to the high-temperature heat source (such as cooling water or air in the condenser), so as to achieve the purpose of refrigeration.