An introduction to the principles of semiconductor optoelectronic devices

The principle of semiconductor optoelectronic devices is the excitation mode, the use of semiconductor substances (i.e., the use of electrons) in the transition between the bands to emit light, the cleavage plane of the semiconductor crystal to form two parallel mirror surfaces as mirrors, the formation of a resonant cavity, so that the light oscillation, feedback, the radiation amplification of the generated light, output laser.

A variety of functional devices made by utilizing the photo-electronic (or electrical-photon) conversion effect of semiconductors. It is different from semiconductor optical devices (such as optical waveguide switches, optical modulators, optical deflectors, etc.).

The design principle of optical devices is based on the change of the external field to the propagation mode of guided wave light, which is also different from the optoelectronic devices used by people in the early days. The latter only focuses on the reception and conversion of light energy (e.g. photoresistors, photocells, etc.).

The advent of semiconductor lasers as a coherent optical carrier source in the 60s has brought it into the active application stage, and the functions of optoelectronic device combination applications are expanding functions that are difficult to perform in electronics in some aspects (such as optical communication, optical information processing, etc.).

As early as the end of the 19th century, the study of photoelectric phenomena in semiconductor selenium had begun, and later selenium photocells were applied, which was almost 80 years before the invention of transistors, but at that time people still lacked understanding of semiconductors and made slow progress. The research on the basic physical properties of semiconductors (such as band structure, electronic transition process, etc.) since the 30s, especially the study of the optical properties of semiconductors, has laid a physical foundation for the development of semiconductor optoelectronic devices. In 1962, Hall and Nathan successfully developed an injection semiconductor laser, which solved the problem of high-efficiency optical information carrier source and expanded the application range of optoelectronics, so that optoelectronic devices have been developed rapidly.

1. Semiconductor devices are electronic devices whose conductivity is between good conductors and insulators, and use the special electrical characteristics of semiconductor materials to complete specific functions, which can be used to generate, control, receive, convert, amplify signals and convert energy.

2. The semiconductor material of Biwei Semiconductor Device Zhenming is silicon, germanium or gallium arsenide, which can be used as rectifiers, oscillators, luminaires, amplifiers, repentance brigade training devices and other equipment. To distinguish it from integrated circuits, it is sometimes referred to as a discrete device. The basic structure of most two-terminal devices (i.e., crystal diodes) is a p-n junction.

A substance whose ability to conduct electricity is between that of a conductor and an insulator.

The principle of electrical conductivity is to obtain two kinds of semiconductors, namely n-type and p-type semiconductors, after doping in pure semiconductors.

As a result of doping, two elements involved in electrical conductivity are produced within the two classes of semiconductors: free electrons and holes. If two types of doped semiconductors are combined together through a special process, the movement phenomena such as diffusion, drift and recombination of electrons and holes will occur, and this movement phenomenon will lead to the formation of PN junctions at the junction of the two types of semiconductors.

The PN junction is the basis for the electronic devices. It has a lot of properties. For example, the diodes, transistors, field effect transistors, integrated circuits, etc. we use now.

Sorry, I didn't say it all, if you don't have a foundation in electronic technology, you won't understand. It is recommended that if you want to learn well, you have to study systematically. There is still a lot of knowledge to follow, I wish you a good study.

Energy belt theory, to put it simply:

Metals, valence bands and conduction bands coincide.

The insulator, the barrier between the valence band and the conduction band is large.

In semiconductors, the potential barrier between the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band is not so large, allowing certain electrons to jump from the valence band to the conduction band to conduct electricity to generate current, and its conductivity is greatly affected by the external environment.

Name implies! Semiconductors are materials that sit between conductors and insulators! Most of the commonly used ones in our door are silicon and germanium!

You can refer to the principles and construction of semiconductors"Basic semiconductors"One book! I won't go into detail here!

From the simplest semiconductor diodes to today's VLSI circuits, semiconductors have only gone through a few decades!

What used to be a single tube can be made into millions of components today! If you compare it with an electronic vacuum tube, it is even more amazing!

Take an early set of computers, for example! A six-story piece of equipment is a cigarette case today!

The unit characteristics of semiconductors are diodes, transistors and various derived components with different characteristics!

It is needed for all rectification, voltage regulation, detection, luminescence, receiving, amplification, arithmetic, and storage in the circuit!