Which processors use non x86 instruction sets?

Typically, each of the different series of CPUs uses a different instruction set.

Of course, CPU companies do not necessarily prescribe a new instruction set for each new CPU developed, and the common practice is to add new instructions to the old instruction set. Doing so makes it easy for the new CPU to run on older software (backwards compatible).

In the early days, the companies that made CPUs were very messy, and the instruction sets used were all developed by themselves, and the x86 instruction set seemed to be developed by Intel and supported since 8086.

Due to the popularity of the 8086 with IBM personal computers at that time, the X86 instruction set also became popular, and later the more famous AMD companies maintained compatibility with the X86 instruction set when developing CPUs to compete with Intel.

It stands to reason that Intel developed X86 and it has its patent rights, and other CPU companies should not be able to support X86 instructions without Intel's permission, while AMD companies and others may need to pay patent fees to support it.

Those CPU companies that do not have x86 access cannot support the instruction, and there are many companies that make CPUs, including IBM, Motorola, etc., all of which produce their own CPUs, and these CPUs do not support x86 instructions.

The current CPUs are all x64 instruction sets and are compatible with x86 instruction sets.

x86 is 32-bit.

x64 is 64-bit.

Loongson (the domestically produced one) is the Loongson instruction set.

Most of the phones are ARM instruction sets.

Windows only supports x86 and x64 instruction sets, so Loongson cannot install Windows

Pick a common one, PowerPC processor, Cell processor, etc. Arm, the range is even wider, and it is used a lot in mobile phones.

Upstairs,Loongson also partially supports x86Ah,Hehe。

Answer]: The so-called x86 architecture processor is the processor that uses the Intel x86 instruction set.

The x86 instruction set was developed specifically by Intel for its first 16-bit processor, the 8086. The processor 8088 (a simplified version of 8086) used in the first PC launched by IBM in 1981 also uses the x86 instruction set, but in order to increase the floating point operation power of the computer, the x87 mathematically assisted processor and the x87 instruction set are added, so the processors that use the x86 instruction set and the x87 instruction set are collectively referred to as x86 architecture processors.

Most of Intel's lead cookers are processors that belong to the X86 architecture, including the Pentium series processors. In addition to Intel, vendors such as AMD and Cyrix are also producing processors with integrated x86 instruction sets that are compatible with Intel processor-enabled software and hardware.

Answer]: The disadvantages of the x86 instruction set are mainly manifested in the following aspects.

1) The x86 instruction set is a CISC type instruction set, and the length of each instruction is not fixed, and there are several different formats, which makes the decoding work of the x86 processor very complicated. In order to improve the working frequency of the cherry blossom jujube processor, it is necessary to extend the pipeline in the processor, but the excessively long pipeline will bring the drawbacks of a long CPU work stagnation time in the case of an error in the branch.

2) The x86 instruction uses the method of accessing the memory address, but this method is easy to cause an imbalance between the processor and the memory, thus reducing the efficiency of the processor.

3) The computing power of the Floating Point Unit (FPU) in the X86 architecture processor is poor.

4) The x86 directive is also very detrimental to the restriction of various extensions. First of all, x86 processors have a limit on 4GB of memory. Secondly, in order to improve the performance of the x86 architecture processor, there are phenomena such as register renaming, huge buffers, out-of-order execution, branch **, x86 instruction conversion, etc., which make the core area of the processor become larger and larger, which also limits the further improvement of the working frequency of the processor.

In addition, the huge number of transistors integrated into the processor is only to solve the problem of x86 instructions, so the continued adoption of the x86 architecture will inevitably affect the development of the processor.

x86 is a common example of computer processor architecture. Today's computer processors are all x86. ARM is also a processor architecture, but much less streamlined than the x86 instruction set.

A8, A9, A15 are also versions developed by ARM, and the further you go, the stronger the performance.

Let me tell you the answer! x86, arm is architecture, instructionsetarchitectures, instruction set architecture, can be used instruction set architecture, or structure abbreviation. X86 is a CSIC, full instruction set structure, and ARM, is a RISC reduced instruction set structure.

armv6, armv7, armv8 belong to setstrcuture, microprocessorcoressetstructure, microprocessor core architecture. CortexA8, A9, A15, and ARM11 belong to CpuCore, microprocessor core architecture, or microarchitecture for short, which is generally referred to as architecture. architecture includes setstructure, which includes cpu-core, and each layer includes one layer.

For example, Intel's x86 is architecture, xeon and itanium, pentium is setstructure, and xeon's cpucore architecture includes prestonia, nocona, irwindale, conroe, woodcrest, and xeon5110, 5120, 5130, 5160 and other CPUs are woodcrest architecture. The Pentium includes P5, P54, Klamath, Deschutes, Coppermine, Northwood, Sandybridge, IvyBridge and other architectures, while the i5-2300 of the second generation of the i5 belongs to the Sandybridge architecture, and the i5-3210M of the third generation of the i5 belongs to the Ivybridge architecture. That is to say, X86 corresponds to the concept of ARM, Intel corresponds to Samsung Semiconductor, Qualcomm and other concepts ARMV6, V7, V8 correspond to Pentium, Xeon, etc., and the sub-categories in the ARM version such as ARM1136J, ARM1156T2, ARM1176JZ correspond to the concepts of Pentium MMX, Pentium4, PentiumD, PentiumG and so on in Pentium.

The coretxa8, cortexa9, and arm11 correspond to the concepts of P5, Netburst, Prescott, Sandybridge, and Ivybridge in Pentium. And the Exynos 5250 of the Cortexa 15 corresponds to the concept of the i7-2660K of the IVB. The meaning of foreign language words can be clearly distinguished, and Chinese lacks a translation that can fully reflect the original meaning.

Answer]: At present, Intel and AMD desktop processors on the market have developed new instruction sets based on the x86 instruction set. Intel has developed the MMX Finger Command Set, the SSE Instruction Set, the SSE2 Fingerchain Command Set, and the SSE3 Instruction Set.

AMD developed 3DNOW!Instruction set.

Although these main extended instruction sets on x86 architecture processors have a certain degree of effect on the performance improvement of processors, due to the limitations of the IA-32 system, the x86 architecture will basically no longer have revolutionary instruction sets, so both parties have shifted their focus to the development of processor instruction sets with 64-bit architecture.

In the article, we mentioned that the gap between the mobile phone processor and the PC processor in terms of process, power consumption, and performance essentially comes from the different instruction set architectures they use, and in this article, we will briefly take a look at the two most mainstream architectures at present, x86, The underlying gap of the arm architecture, explain why it will cause the various differences mentioned above, and also briefly talk about several open source emerging instruction set architectures.

Similarly, in order to improve legibility, we don't drag so many proper nouns, and we also click on the areas that need to be expanded. 】

Whether it is x86 or arm, they are supported by a complete and exclusive set of instructions, so what is the instruction set, here we can simply understand it as the words in our daily language, a complete sentence is to put specific words together in a specific order, and the same for computers (mobile phones also belong to computers) every time a command is to execute a specific instruction in a specific order.

Complex Instruction Set (CISC).: It's designed to be a minimal machine language to get the required design tasks, in short, people don't talk much, so he has a premise that he must be ruthless.

Reduced Instruction Set (RISC).: It is designed to be software to specify the steps of each operation, with a special operation step to execute a few instructions to replace a complex instruction in a certain instruction set, in short, people are cowardly, so their own requirements are not so high, (of course, this is relative to the complex instruction set).

CISC Month Risc's Internal Strength Method:

In addition to the two big brothers x86 and arm, there are actually other instruction set architectures that are shining in different fields, such as RISC-V and MIPS.

This time I briefly talked about the secrets behind the CPU, the instruction set architecture, and figured out what we usually see on the Internet or listen to others say about x86 and arm, etc., in fact, the chat is very shallow, if you are interested, you can go to understand this aspect in depth, from their birth to development all the way is also very fantastical, these things have built our current Internet civilization, our country's accumulation in this area is still too little, and finally saw Loongson's loongarch Although there are mixed reviews on the Internet, I am still very excited, and it gives me hope and surprise.

Teaser:

I am glad to see my brother say goodbye again (Li Yi).

General-purpose clusterer group – The x86 instruction set uses only 8 general-purpose registers. As a result, CISC's CPU execution is most of the time actually accessing data in memory, not in registers. This slows down the entire system.

The RISC system has a very large number of general-purpose registers, and uses technologies such as overlapping register windows and register stacks to make full use of register resources.

Decoding – This is something that is only available on x86 CPUs. The effect is to convert an indefinitely long x86 instruction into a fixed-length RISC-like instruction and hand it over to the RISC kernel. Decoding is divided into hardware decoding and micro decoding, for simple x86 instructions as long as hardware decoding can be done, the speed is faster, and when encountering complex x86 instructions, micro decoding is required, and it is divided into several simple instructions, which is slow and very complex.

Small addressing range – constrained by user needs.

The utilization of various parts of the computer is not high, and the execution speed is slow.

Typing is not easy to adopt.

x86 is a 32-bit system. arm is on a mobile device, and cannot run software on x86 or x64 (i.e., a computer). The instruction set has been improved with each generation of CPUs and is generally backward compatible.