What are the common insect pests of edible mushrooms in winter? How can it be prevented?

<>1. What are the common insect pests of edible fungi?

Every stage of edible mushroom cultivation must be done well, otherwise it will be easily attacked by pests and diseases. Edible mushrooms are more likely to occur insect pests such as mushroom mosquitoes and mushroom flies, which are all based on the larvae to damage the mycelium, and then cause certain harm to the fungus transplanting and germination. Nymphs that eat fungi and insects carry germs and are also vectors for the spread of harmful substances such as mites and ciliates.

Second, the key points of prevention and countermeasures for edible fungi and insect pests.

1. Select edible mushroom seedlings with good quality, so that the edible fungus has a very strong ability to resist diseases and pests. At the time of planting, it is necessary to choose the species suitable for the local landform and climate, and take measures according to the times, and cannot blindly follow the herd.

2. Select edible mushroom seedlings that are more authentic, more suitable for the age of edible fungi, and have very strong vitality, so that the next step will be better, so as to ensure that after injection, the characteristics of fast feeding, fast repair, and strong resistance to diseases and pests can be achieved.

3. The raw materials used are better. It is best to consume fresh, moldy, dry, and insect-free raw materials, which can also reduce the occurrence of insect infestations. In the selection and configuration of culture materials, it is necessary to take into account the needs of the growth and development of the edible mushrooms planted, and then inhibit the production of molds, so as to improve the resistance of edible fungi to diseases and pests.

4. Do a good job in the environmental sanitation of the planting site. In the case of choosing an edible fungus planting site, we must pay attention to whether there are excrement ponds, garbage ponds, farms and other environmentally polluted sites around, and at the same time, we must choose an area with water resources, good natural ventilation and sunrise, and at the same time install sunshade nets at window doors and ventilation holes. Before planting edible mushrooms, it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive sterilization and treatment work in the planting house, which can reduce the occurrence of subsequent insect pests.

5. Employees who use edible fungi in the planting process need to do a good job in actual operation in accordance with the operation steps, and must do a good job of disinfection measures when using special tools for injection, production and manufacturing sites, touch tools, and staff, so as to ensure the smooth growth and development of edible fungi.

6. In the planting management method of edible fungi, it is necessary to do a good job in the operation of temperature, light source, environmental humidity, and nutrient elements according to different types, so that the normal growth and development can be achieved when the growth and development standards are reached, and the pests and diseases will be reduced.

Common insect pests include mushroom mosquitoes, mushroom flies, jumping insects, etc. If you want to prevent it, you should first pay attention to hygiene, build a mushroom shed should be away from the place where it is easy to breed bacteria, pay attention to ventilation work, frequent disinfection, and sprinkle lime at the vent for isolation to prevent reptile pests from entering, and must be adapted to local conditions, choose the right environment and site to ensure the control of light, humidity and nutrients.

Mushroom flies, nematodes, jumping worms, fungus lice, slugs, must be disinfected regularly, to choose the right fermentation material, you can add some salt or lime appropriately. Insecticide can be done with pesticides, and some laundry detergent solution can be sprayed.

Pests and diseases have a great impact on the yield and quality of edible fungi. According to statistics, there are more than 90 kinds of common pests in edible fungi, harming nearly 30 kinds, and the annual output of edible fungi caused by insect pests is about 25%. The use of pesticides to control pests, but excessive use, poses a threat to food safety and the environment, so it is necessary to focus on prevention and take a green approach of comprehensive preventive measures to control the occurrence of pests.

Agricultural control law to block crop rotation, crop rotation, pest and disease food**. Cultivation chambers where serious diseases or pests occur cannot continue to grow the same variety, and it is difficult to control them so as not to develop the same pests and diseases. Choose strains with strong disease resistance, strong viability, and high purity.

When introducing excellent strains, it is necessary to choose varieties that are suitable for the temperature of the mushroom season, so as to eliminate or reduce the chance of pest and disease infection and safely discharge the mushrooms.

Physical precautions. Strengthen matrix sterilization or disinfection treatment to ensure the pure sterility of the bag. During sterilization, the atmospheric pressure of 100 is maintained for 8 to 10 hours, and the high pressure of 121 is maintained for 3 hours, which effectively kills all microbial cells and spores in the matrix.

The strain bag used has strong toughness, no micropores, strict sealing, and fine operation when bagging to prevent bag breakage. Standardize the inoculation procedure and strictly aseptic operation. The production of strains should be carried out in accordance with aseptic operation procedures, checked at all levels, and strictly controlled, in order to produce strains with high purity and strong vitality.

Conditional strain intestines and sterilization ovens should be placed at the entrance and exit of the bag and outer bag, the middle partition, and the outlet of the outer bag, connected to the seed chamber, and inoculated in the clean belt after cooling. Operators should wear work clothes to ensure high sterility in the inoculation room.

Chemical pests are the direct aggressors of edible fungi and an important vector for pathogen penetration, so disease prevention and insect control must be carried out at the same time. On the basis of taking all precautions, the appropriate selection of high-efficiency, low-toxicity, residual chemicals can minimize pests and diseases. Sulphur:

Mushroom house ** before disinfection with sulfur smoke, the dose is 5 grams of cubic meters, after igniting sulfur sealed for 48 hours, 1 2 days later**. Kerosene or diesel: When a pink maltocyte fungal layer is found in tampons, tape, etc., reduce the appropriate amount of kerosene or diesel in time, and then wrap it in film, and the mold layer will rot.

Formaldehyde: If the strain bag or part of the strain layer is contaminated with fungi and other miscellaneous bacteria, please inject or apply it with 2% formaldehyde solution. After the mushroom culture material is infected with walnut flesh, the contaminated culture material and soil should be dug up in time, and then the infected bed surface should be sprayed with 2% formaldehyde solution.

You can spray pesticides to remove insects, because this way is also very simple, you can get rid of insects very quickly, it is still a more convenient method, no need to spend time and effort, you can also catch insects by hand, this way is safer, and it is a pollution-free method, it is a little troublesome, but it will not have an impact on edible fungi, so that edible fungi can eat more assured.

Crop rotation, stubble change, cutting off pest and disease food, strengthening the sterilization or disinfection of the substrate, paying attention to the treatment of culture medium agents, doing a good job in pest control, cleaning and disinfection of mushroom rooms, etc.

It is necessary to pay attention to disinfection, to avoid cross-infection, to keep clean and hygienic, which can be improved by crop rotation, select good varieties, and ensure that the environment is dry.

Solutions for edible fungi: carbendazim, tobuzin, benomyl, clotrimazole, stone sulfur mixture, etc., should be used cross-use with a variety of agents to avoid drug resistance.

(1) In winter, burn or plough the cultivation fields of fungus, white fungus and shiitake mushrooms, and sprinkle quicklime to prevent mites and pests in the coming year.

2) Cultivated straw mushrooms and side ears are fully dried with grass to avoid moisture mildew and induce harmful mites.

3) Cultivate straw mushrooms indoors, mix tea cakes in the material, and sprinkle quicklime on the ground. Hanging dichlorvos cotton balls indoors, treated once every 5 days, can prevent the occurrence of mites.

Edible fungi must be disinfected before planting, and after the occurrence of pests and diseases, watering needs to be stopped, and the indoor ventilation environment should be strengthened, and a relatively dry growth environment should be maintained.

Common diseases of edible fungi.

Brown rot: This disease will generally invade during the edible fungus period, and some white velvet will be formed on the surface of the mushroom bed after the onset of the disease, which will gradually change from white to yellow-brown with the aggravation of the disease, and brown water droplets will seep out on the surface, which will eventually lead to its decay.

Streptospora: This disease is a relatively common disease in the growth process of edible fungi, and the speed of infection is also very fast after the onset of the disease, and after the culture material is contaminated, a layer of orange-red or pink mold will quickly form.

Aspergillus and PenicilliumBoth of them belong to the more common miscellaneous bacteria, which will compete with edible fungi for nutrients and water after the onset of the disease, and will secrete a large amount of mycin to inhibit growth, which is extremely unfavorable for its growth and development.

TrichodermaTrichoderma will be harmful to most edible fungi, and will infect the culture material after the disease of the branch, and will compete for nutrients, and will secrete a large amount of mycin to kill the host, which has a relatively strong impact on its growth.

The main beam shed of edible fungi should be pested.

When edible fungi grow, there will also be a large number of pests, which is also extremely unfavorable for growth, and the insect wounds caused by pests will cause saprophytic bacteria or other germs to infect edible fungi, and these pests themselves will also spread a large number of germs, which will cause a lot of losses to edible fungi.

Edible fungus pests and diseases are prevented and treated.

Edible fungi must be disinfected before planting, and after the occurrence of pests and diseases, watering needs to be stopped, and the indoor ventilation environment should be strengthened, and a relatively dry growth environment should be maintained.

In the process of edible fungus cultivation, there will always be more or less miscellaneous fungus contamination. So what are the different types of edible fungi? How to reduce or eliminate the damage of bacteria to production? I have summarized the following technical points for the prevention and control of edible fungi and miscellaneous fungi for reference.

1. What are the types of edible fungi and miscellaneous mushrooms?

Miscellaneous bacteria are various microorganisms that contaminate culture materials, mycelium, production space, equipment, racks, etc., including bacteria, fungi and other organisms. The common miscellaneous bacteria in production practice mainly include:

1. Penicillium.

It is a blue-green colony, short pile, the edge of the colony is uneven, the conidia are hard like a broom, and there are conidia at the tip. It likes low temperatures, mostly in places around 25 and humid and bad air.

2. Mucor and Rhizopus.

The shape of these two types of bacteria is similar to that of gibberish, with long hairs, white hyphae of mucor and white needle-like hyphae of Rhizopus, both with black granular sporangia. Both seedlings grow and spread quickly in humid and poor air environments.

3. Aspergillus. There are two kinds of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger, its hyphae are thicker and shorter, and the spores are radially grown. Aspergillus flavus is black and yellow, aspergillus niger is yellow and black gray, and spreads quickly when the temperature in the medium is low.

4. Trichoderma.

The hyphae spread and grow, the edges of the colonies are uneven, and the initial growth is white; The hyphae are flocculent or spherical, and after maturity, clumps of conidia are born on the spore peduncle at the tip of the branch, and after the spore is produced, the colony turns patina.

Trichoderma prefers dark, damp and poorly ventilated environments, especially in high temperature and humidity conditions, and grows and spreads the fastest.

5. Yeast and bacteria.

It is a single-celled microorganism; After the medium is infected with this bacteria, the surface is sticky or liquid, which makes the medium sticky and smelly; Causes the death of hyphae.

Second, the key points of prevention and control technology of edible fungi and miscellaneous fungi.

To prevent and control the infection of various molds, we must first pay attention to it ideologically, do a good job in environmental sanitation, strictly implement the operating procedures when making bacteria and cultivating substitute materials, and the prevention and control mainly have the following aspects:

First, we should choose a site with fresh air, clean place, good ventilation, cool and dry, clean water source, away from warehouses, and no pollution sources in livestock and poultry houses as cultivation farms;

The second is to do a good job in environmental hygiene, in order to prevent miscellaneous bacteria, operators must strictly abide by the aseptic operation procedures, do a good job in the environmental sanitation and disinfection of the inoculation room and culture room, and strictly disinfect the field with formaldehyde and other agents in advance, and the agents are often used in rotation;

The third is to strictly require aseptic operation, control the aseptic, and the operator must disinfect his body before the operation, and then operate, and must not be negligent.

Fourth, the bags of infected bacteria are treated with deep burial, manure, fire and other centralized treatment.

There are many reasons for this, mainly poor ventilation, too little light, and too much humidity. Control measures can be the moderate use of pesticides, extended ventilation time and light time in the greenhouse.

The main reasons for the production of edible fungus armyworm are: the medium is rich in nutrients, the raw materials are damp in the process of storage and transportation, and they are easily infected with microorganisms, and the cultivation environment of edible fungi is untidy or overgrown with weeds, or the accumulation of debris, or the accumulation of discarded culture materials, which creates conditions for the breeding of miscellaneous fungi. The nutrient composition ratio of nutrients is inappropriate, there are too many excipients, the water content is too large, and the pH is not right.

The prevention and control measures are as follows: first, the site selection of the strain plant should be reasonably constructed; Second, pay attention to the sterilization and disinfection of the inoculation room and culture room; Third, pay attention to the hygiene of the cultivation room and cultivation field; Fourth, the sterilization and insecticide of the culture material should be completely and thoroughly; Fifth, strict strain inspection to avoid contamination spread by strain.

Most of the time it is formed from culture media or soil. Control measures: The culture room should be regularly inspected and fumigated, and the test tube should be plugged with a cotton ball when making the strain, and a layer of kraft paper should be wrapped on the outside to prevent the invasion of pests. If pests have been found in the strain, they must be treated by fumigation or low-temperature freezing, and can only be used after inspection to determine that the pests are dead.

After harvesting mushrooms, the surface of the material should be carefully cleaned, the mushroom roots and rotten mushrooms should be removed and buried deeply. The old cultivation room with serious disease should be fumigated and disinfected.