24 common logical fallacies, 7 common logical fallacies

There are many logical fallacies.

Logical fallacy values are not based on logical arguments, especially inferences that do not conform to logic in an argument. Logical fallacies are divided into formal logic fallacies and non-formal logic fallacies. The fallacy of non-formal logic is, in essence, the fallacy of false premises.

Fallacy of Formal Logic:

Formal logic fallacy refers to logical fallacies that result from reasoning, deduction, and argumentation that do not follow the rules of formal logical reasoning

1. Deny the fallacy of the antecedent.

Typical form: "If a then b; Non-a; Therefore it is not b. ”

Example: "If it's a bird, it will die; Man is not a bird; The deceased does not die. This is a misuse of the blunt syllogism. The correct form of a blunt syllogism should be: "If a then b; a；Therefore b. ”

2. Affirm the fallacy of the latter.

Typical form: "If a then b; c is b; Therefore c is a; ”

Example: "If it's a fritter, it's delicious; Bread is delicious; So bread is fritters. Again, this is a misuse of the blunt syllogism.

3. False dilemma reasoning.

Typical forms: "A or B or C; Non-a; Therefore b. ”

This is a misuse of the syllogism. The form of the selected syllogism: "A or B; Non-a; Therefore b. , which is the cascade in this form: "p1 or p2 or p3......or PN; Non-P2 and non-P3 ......and non-PN; Hence p1. In the words of Sherlock Holmes: . .

When all other possibilities are ruled out and there is one left, it is the truth, no matter how impossible it may seem. ”

This fallacy is called false dilemma reasoning because sophists often state it in this form: "For sweets or for salty; You don't support sweets; That's why you support salty food. The sophists deliberately conceal the option of "neutrality" in their formulations, creating the illusion of a syllogism.

It is worth noting that some people tend to classify false dilemma reasoning as a fallacy of non-formal logic.

Examples of logical fallacies are as follows:

1. Xiao Ming said that the country should invest more budget to develop the crude nuclear education industry, and Xiao Hong replied: "I can't imagine that you are so unpatriotic, and you actually want to reduce defense spending and give foreign powers a chance." "Little Red is guilty of the scarecrow fallacy.

2. Xiaohong pointed out that the number of pirates in the world has decreased in the past few centuries and the global temperature has increased, so she concludes that the decrease in the number of pirates has caused climate change, and pirates can reduce the global temperature. Red made the mistake of misattribution.

3, Xiaohong saw Xiao Ming eating dog meat in the restaurant, so she stepped forward and reprimanded: "How can you eat dog meat, how cute the puppy is, just like a child, can you bear to hurt a child?" Xiao Hongyan is guilty of appealing to the fallacy of the source of feelings.

4. A person who advocates healthy eating published a very absurd diet theory on TV to promote the concept of healthy eating, Xiaohong felt that healthy eating was a lie, so she began to overeat every day. Red is guilty of fallacy.

5. Xiaohong opposes gay marriage because she thinks that if we allow gay marriage, then there will be people who want to marry a table or chair. Red is guilty of the slippery slope fallacy.

6. When Xiao Ming put forward a very reasonable proposal about infrastructure construction, Xiao Hong said that she didn't believe anything Xiao Ming said, because Xiao Ming was not patriotic, often criticized, and did not know how to be grateful. Red is guilty of the fallacy of personal attacks.

The famous French philosopher Descartes once said, "I think, therefore I am".

Great souls shine with thought. And before we can think right, we must learn to recognize the fallacies of general logic.

Article 1 Sloppy premise.

A hasty premise means that the discourse is produced by inappropriate induction. For example, travel is a good thing, so everyone should travel.

Travel is a good thing' is a false generalization. For example, if you have high blood pressure or coronary heart disease, it is not a good thing to travel to the mountains. Your generalization must be appropriate. You could say that travel is good for most people, or you are guilty of the fallacy of hasty premises.

Article 2 Overgeneralization.

For example, if the students in your class don't want to learn English, Xiaohong doesn't want to learn Chinese, and Xiaoli doesn't want to learn math, you can say that all the students in your class don't like to study.

Isn't this conclusion coming too fast? Because the examples given are not enough to support the conclusions you make.

Article 3 Misuse of cause and effect.

For example, let's not go out with a car wash, the car will break down every time we take it there.

What does a car break down have to do with a car wash?

Article 4 Contradictory premise.

There is a well-known example of a contradictory premise – if God is omnipotent, can He create stones that He cannot move?

If such a thing could be created, then he would not be able to move it, but is it inconsistent to say that God is omnipotent? Vice versa!

Article 5 Infiltration and sympathy.

For example, a boy confesses to the girl he loves, saying, "My dear, my whole world would be dark without you." I can't see you, I can't eat, I toss and turn at night, and I can't sleep.

I really can't live in the world without you, my dear, marry me! ”

This is a typical one, where the marriage proposal does not say a marriage proposal, but rather talks about some miserable state, wins the mercy of the other party, and thus his request.

Article 6 Assumptions contrary to the facts.

A phrase that is often used: "If only I could ......."I'll ......"Reality doesn't really exist. In such a situation, you must be wary of taking assumptions as real.

Article 7 Poisoning in wells.

Two people were debating, and the first person stood up and said'This man is a full **, and we can't believe what he says. 'And at the moment his opponent did not speak. This phenomenon is called poisoning in the well.

In other words, you can't poison your opponent's hamstrings before you start drinking them, and you can't break your opponent's hamstrings before he even speaks.