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The book says that "from the Warring States Period in 475 BC to the fall of the Eastern Han Dynasty in 220 AD, it was the period of establishment and initial development of China's feudal society."
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Slavery was established very early, and the Spring and Autumn Period (the era of Confucius' life) was a period of transition from slavery to feudalism.
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Rise of the Xiongnu: Maudun Shan Yu rose to prominence by training a strong army with the sound of arrows and leading them to attack the rest of the nomads.
1. The Xiongnu were the first ethnic group to unify the Mongolian Plateau, which established the dominance of the Altaic language people over the Mongolian Plateau;
2. The Xiongnu are the first northern nomadic people to be sinicized, and their main figures, Jin Riyan, have made outstanding contributions to the Han Dynasty;
3. The Xiongnu were the first ethnic group to establish a minority dynasty in the Central Plains, and gradually integrated into the Han nationality in the brutal war;
4. The Xiongnu were the first northern nomadic people to have a fierce conflict with the agrarian civilization, and promoted the progress of the agrarian civilization in competition and cooperation.
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The Han Dynasty was mainly engaged in agricultural production, while the Xiongnu lived on nomadic herding, and the different production methods of the two determined that the wars between the two sides had obvious seasonality. For the Han Dynasty, spring was the season of sowing, and there was a lot of free time and energy to fight wars compared to autumn, which was a harvest and busy season.
On the other hand, the Xiongnu were at their weakest in the spring. Nomads live by herding livestock, and winter is the worst enemy of livestock. Although before the onset of winter, the Huns would look for valleys or winter grounds near the slopes of mountains to settle down temporarily.
However, in the event of a heavy snowstorm, the livestock will freeze to death and starve to death. When the livestock died, the Huns ran out of food**. Even if the livestock survived the winter, the spring came.
But just after winter, they have long been exhausted in fat due to the need to protect themselves from the cold, and they are weak. The pasture in the spring was also not abundant, and the Huns had to carefully and constantly move their places of residence, looking for places with abundant water and grass, so that the livestock could take good care of their fat. This gave the Han army the opportunity to "take advantage of his illness and kill him" as long as they found their place of residence.
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According to the "Biography of the Huns", the Xiongnu are the descendants of the Xia Zazi Hou clan.
After Shang Tang destroyed Xia, the royal family of the Xia Dynasty, a person named "Chunwei" led the clansmen to flee to the north of Buwang, the banquet of China, in order to avoid the pursuit of the Shang Dynasty, integrated with the local ancestors, and gradually developed into a very powerful sedan chair, and was later posthumously regarded as the ancestor by the Huns.
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