What do the scholars of the Warring States period have in common?

First of all, the "scholars" of the Warring States period were diverse: including scholars (Confucian, Mo, Taoist, Ming, Fa, Agriculture, etc., who wrote books and put forward various political ideas), strategists (Zonghengjia, etc.), Fangshi or Warlock (experts in astronomy, geography, calendars, medicine, agricultural skills, etc., Yin and Yang divination, dream gods, immortals, and other techniques), diners (the largest number of streams and most miscellaneous products, Renxia assassins, etc.), that is, .

At this time, the "scholars" all had certain skills or talents, and the "scholars" at this time had been out of the scope of the constraints of "learning" and "scholars".

Secondly, they used the method of constructing a set of values and knowledge discourse system to influence and even determine the basic pattern of society, and formed their own subjectivity in the turbulent society of the Warring States Period, which is mainly manifested in:

1.They strive to play the role of education in the whole society in terms of social identity, and they are proud of the world for three reasons:

The first is that the confrontation of princes caused by the decline of the Zhou royal family is a pluralistic political pattern, which constitutes the freedom of the scholar class to choose the objects of service;

The second is that the princes can really be "courteous corporals" for their own survival and development;

Third, the scholars do have the ability to stabilize the country and work hard.

2. Self-regulation consciousness.

3.Take the world as your own responsibility.

4.Take the Tao as your own.

Most of them are trustworthy and stand up, and they don't hesitate to be famous and live, such as Cheng Ying who rescued the Zhao orphans, endured humiliation and stole their lives, and Yu Rang avenged Zhibo They are all loyal and righteous people.

Categories: Social Culture >> Historical topics.

Analysis: Taxi.

A specific social class with a certain status in ancient Chinese society later evolved into a general term for intellectuals. Originally, it may have referred to the samurai who were of the same clan as the clan chiefs and dignitaries at the end of primitive society, and when they entered the class society, they became part of the ruling class. Because in ancient times, only the noble children above the scholar had cultural knowledge, so the scholar became the title of a person with certain knowledge and skills.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, the role of foot soldiers increased, the role of chariot warfare and samurai decreased, and the status of warriors also rose or fell. In order to expand their influence and consolidate their position, some doctors tried to attract the masses of scholars to make a statement, and many scholars took refuge in them. There are also some scholars who go to funerals, pay tributes, or run businesses in order to solve their financial difficulties; There are also people who give private lectures and impart cultural knowledge, and since then there have been a number of scholars who specialize in cultural activities in Chinese history.

They traveled to various countries, were active in their thinking, and made great contributions to the emergence of a situation in which a hundred schools of thought contended in the field of ancient Chinese scholarship and to the development of culture and science. During the Warring States Period, the struggle for hegemony and annexation wars became more intense, so the lobbyists of the Qin and Twilight Chu came into being. They travel from country to country and act as lobbyists, represented by the Zonghengjia.

At this time, the practice of raising scholars of feudal lords and magnates in various countries was also prevalent. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the connotation of Shi underwent further changes. Shi, when called a scholar, can refer to a soldier in the army, and is often a general name for officials who serve in the ** regime and states, counties and counties; When called scholars, it generally refers to intellectuals who have a high level of feudal cultural literacy and are engaged in spiritual and cultural activities.

In the Han Dynasty, scholars attached great importance to the name of the scholar (that is, personality fame, character and integrity, and academic ability), once they became a celebrity, the utilitarian official position would follow one after another, so the scholar or focus on righteousness, self-cultivation, family, governance, and peace in the world, and abide by the feudal program and the famous religion; Or flashy socializing, making friends, boasting to each other, and selling fame. In the later period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the style of discussing the topic of the characters among the scholars was extremely popular. This kind of human object belongs to the folk scope.

During the Wei and Jin dynasties, the nine-product zhongzheng system was established, and the right of the critics was collected by the ** all those who were judged by the middle **, according to their virtue and ability, family valve reading and given different grades (township products), and then awarded various official positions. Those who have not been evaluated are not allowed to be officials. As a result, scholars took on the meaning of a certain class.

Shishu is opposed, and the clues are gradually emerging. All officials above the ninth grade and those who have obtained the first rank are all scholars, otherwise they are concubines. Among the scholars, there is a family that has been able to enter the Qing Dynasty and live in the official position for generations by virtue of his father's ancestors, which is a scholar family.

The scholars reached their peak in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and began to decline in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. After the Sui and Tang dynasties, the scholars gradually withdrew from the historical stage, but the concept of scholars as a specific class still remained. After the Song Dynasty, the term scholar or scholar gradually became a general term for ordinary scholars, and no longer specifically referred to officials.

The disciples of the four princes of the Warring States period are "scholars":

The more famous ones are!

Pingyuanjun's subordinates: Mao Sui!

Story Xinling Jun's subordinates: Hou Ying, Zhu Hai!

Story Meng Weijun's subordinates: Feng Huan! Tale.