Analyze causality and randomness from a dialectical point of view

There is universality and inevitability in causality, cause and effect is constructed, and its universality is not in the external world, but in the way of thinking, which is the simplest of the effective model structure of the direction of events. Even if one cause is not the same effect, and one effect does not originate from one cause, we can either simplify or generalize it and process it into one-to-one for easy calculation.

Everything has a cause and effect. There are no exceptions. There is more than one effect of one cause, there are infinite effects.

Going back to the roots, at a certain point, everything is actually connected. Hence the butterfly effect. For every thing, the way in which causality occurs is inevitable (under specific conditions of time and space).

Buddhism believes that everything that happens in the world, everything that the world can know, everything that the world can see (including the use of scientific means), and everything that has not yet been recognized is the universal and inevitable manifestation of cause and effect!

The characteristics of causality are as follows:

1.The objectivity of causality. Causality is the relationship between the cause and the cause of objective phenomena, which exists objectively and does not depend on people's subjectivity.

2.The specificity of causality. Things are universally connected, and in order to understand individual phenomena, we must extract them from universal connections and examine them in isolation, one as a cause and the other as an effect.

The specificity of the causal relationship in criminal law is manifested in the fact that it can only be the causal link between the harmful act of human beings and the harmful result.

3.Time series of causality. The cause must come first, and the effect can only come later, and the chronological order of the two cannot be reversed. In criminal cases, the cause can only be found from the harmful act before the harmful result occurred.

4.The conditional and specific causal relationship of the criminal prosecution and closure law is specific and conditional. In criminal cases, there is no fixed pattern of what kind of harmful consequences can be caused by harmful acts.

Therefore, when ascertaining the causal relationship, it is necessary to make a specific analysis based on the specific circumstances such as the time, place, and conditions under which the harmful act was committed.

5.The complexity of causalityDialectical materialism holds that the diversity of connections between objective things determines the complexity of causal connections.

6.Causation in the crime of omissionThe reason for inaction lies in the fact that it should have prevented but did not prevent things from developing in a dangerous direction, thus causing a harmful result to occur. The peculiarity of the causal relationship of omission is that it presupposes that the perpetrator has a specific obligation.

Otherwise, its causal relationship should be resolved as if it were a crime.

7.The causal relationship between criminal law and criminal responsibilityThe causal relationship between criminal law provides an objective basis for pursuing the criminal responsibility of the perpetrator, but it does not mean that the problem of criminal responsibility is solved. In order for the perpetrator to be criminally responsible for the harmful consequences caused by his or her actions, the perpetrator must also have subjective intent or negligence.

The comprehensive method is the symmetry of the "analytical method". It is a method to link all parts, aspects and factors of economic phenomena and to understand and grasp economic phenomena as a whole. The essence of it lies in:

Grasp the particularity of the contradiction that things are interconnected on the whole, study how this contradiction determines the various attributes of things, and how to express the characteristics of the whole in the movement of things. It overcomes the limitations of analysis and reveals the properties of things that cannot be revealed in a divided state. In the process of understanding things and manuscripts, synthesis and analysis are dialectical unity.

Synthesis must be based on analysis, and analysis must be guided by the results of previous synthesis, and under certain conditions, synthesis and analysis can be transformed into each other.

The analytical method is the symmetry of the "synthesis method". A method of decomposing complex economic phenomena into many simple components and studying them separately. Its essence is:

Through investigation and research, find out the internal contradictions of things, and conduct in-depth research on all aspects of contradictions. Eliminate those accidental and non-essential things, abstract the necessary and essential factors, and derive some simple provisions that reflect the essence from this, so as to grasp the particularity of the various aspects of the contradiction. The analytical method provides only a partial understanding of economic phenomena, and it does not yet grasp economic phenomena in terms of their totality and the interconnections between their parts.

Therefore, on the basis of analysis, it is also necessary to apply a comprehensive method to form an organic system in accordance with the intrinsic logical connection of economic phenomena in accordance with the essential provisions of various aspects obtained from analysis, so that we can have a comprehensive and profound understanding of economic phenomena and propose effective methods for solving problems.

To put it simply, the logic of causality is: because a, so b; In other words, if phenomenon A occurs, there must be phenomenon B (full relation). It is a relationship between causing and being caused, and it is cause A that comes first, and effect B comes last.

All precedence is not necessarily causal, such as the alternation of day and night. I get dressed and then pants, or I wash my face after I wash my teeth. None of this is cause and effect.

But not all necessary connections are the relationship between causing and being caused, for example: if a person's heart stops, the person will die, which is a necessary relationship, but it is not a causal relationship, because it is not because the heartbeat stops, so the person dies; It is precisely because the person dies that the heart stops beating. For another example, a bachelor is a man who has not started a family, which is an inevitable relationship.

Under normal circumstances, the causal relationship is that the man is not married, so he is a bachelor; And not because he is a bachelor, so he does not have a family (unless he does not want to have a family himself). That is to say, only if there is a necessary connection between the cause and the caused, it is a causal connection, and the necessary connection is not necessarily the cause and the cause relationship. But causing and being caused are the essential provisions of causal connection.

So C is not right, D is right.

What are the aspects of the repetition of the relationship of knowledge and effect?

a.Proximate. b.Correlation reason.

c.Causal necessity and sufficiency balance conditions.

d.Triggering causes.

Correct answer: ABCD