During the Eastern Han Dynasty, who proposed to take the lead in opening up the Southern Road of th

During the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was Ban Chao who first proposed the "Southern Road of the Western Regions". Historically, the "Southern Road of the Western Regions" specifically refers to the area outside the Yumen Pass in China, passing through Loulan in the eastern part of the Tarim Basin to the Kunlun Mountains. At first, it was called "Nandao", and later it was renamed "Nanjiang".

The other is outside the Yumen Pass, passing through the Tianshan Mountains, this road is called the "North Road", which was later changed to "North Xinjiang".

So why open up the "Southern Western Regions Road"? First of all, the Western Regions is strategically located. During the Han Dynasty, the Western Regions was a refuge for the Xiongnu and had become a supply depot for the Northern Xiongnu.

It is entirely possible to revive the nomadic economy with the nearby grasslands. Coupled with the war in the Western Han Dynasty, this place was completely no longer under the control of the Han Dynasty, and the Xiongnu began to become the master here, making this place an abundant food supply station. Secondly, in 73 AD, Ban Chao was ordered to attack the Xiongnu and opened up the Western Regions in a campaign.

In the same year, Ban Chao reopened the Silk Road in order to win over the support of the Han Dynasty from various regions in the Western Regions. <>

Ban Chao was once a scribe in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and his father Ban Biao, brother Ban Gu, and sister Ban Zhao were all historians. Because Ban Gu was imprisoned for tampering with the recorded history without permission during his work, his brother, Ban Chao, defended him for his brother. This brave debate made Ban Chao famous, and because of his military strength, Liu Zhuang valued him, so he was sent to the Western Regions.

Ban Chao threw his pen from Rong, and later sent an envoy to the Western Regions to fight for the Western Regions for the Eastern Han Dynasty. Ban Chao lived in an era full of a sense of justice, and later most people in the Eastern Han Dynasty became very cautious. When Ban Chao returned from the Western Regions, he divided his achievements among his comrades.

Ban Chao entered the Western Regions and successfully laid the foundation for the later pacification of the Western Regions. Later, Ban Chao was stationed in the Western Regions for more than 30 years, and was named the Marquis of Dingyuan by the imperial court for his various great achievements, so Ban Chao also had a call: Ban Dingyuan.

During the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was Ban Chao who proposed to take the lead in opening up the "Western Regions and South Road", because the Eastern Han Dynasty could not defeat the Northern Xiongnu at that time.

During the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was Ban Chao who first proposed to open up the southern road of the Western Regions. Ban Chao attacked the Xiongnu and opened up the Western Regions in a battle. Ban Chao reopened the Silk Road in order to win over the support of the Han Dynasty in the Western Regions.

During the Han Dynasty, the Western Regions referred to the west of Yumen Pass and Yangguan Pass in Gansu Province, which is the area of present-day Xinjiang and beyond.

Gansu Yumen Pass:

Yumen Pass, the beginning of the Han Dynasty Emperor Wu opened the road to the Western Regions, the Han Dynasty was the gateway to all parts of the Western Regions, so the site is in the northwest of Dunhuang City, Gansu Province. Yuan Ding or Yuan Fengzhong (116 BC to 105 BC) built the Great Wall between Jiuquan and Yumen, and Yumen Pass was set up.

The existing city wall is complete, the overall is square, 24 meters long from east to west, wide meters from north to south, the remnants are high meters, all are made of yellow rubber clay, the area is 633 square meters, the west wall, the north wall each open a door, there is a big lane of east and west under the north slope of the city, it is the road of the Central Plains and the Western Regions in history and the post road.

On June 22, 2014, at the 38th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee held in Doha, Qatar, the Yumenguan site was successfully inscribed on the World Heritage List as one of the sites in the "Silk Road: Road Network of the Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor" jointly inscribed by China, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan on the World Heritage List.

Yangguan:

Yangguan is located in the antique beach 70 kilometers southwest of Dunhuang City, Gansu Province. The Western Han Dynasty Zhiguan, because it is in the south of Yumen Pass, hence the name, and Yumen Pass is the gateway to the Western Regions at that time.

Yangguan is the choke point of China's ancient land foreign traffic, and it is the pass that the South Silk Road must pass. There are many cultural relics and relics of the Han Dynasty in the scenic area, such as the ancient Yangguan relics with the old ants, the Yangguan Fengsui, the Yangguan ancient road, the ruins of Shouchang City, the ruins of the Great Wall of the Han Dynasty, the ruins of the Wuwachi in the Han Dynasty, the ruins of Xitugou (Tang halogen-free stream), the ancient tombs, the ancient pottery kiln and so on.

In 2006, Yangguan was rated as a national AAAA tourist attraction. Yangguan has been successively rated as the Provincial Cultural Industry Demonstration Base, Jiuquan Patriotism Education Base, and won the honorary titles of Provincial Advanced Unit for Cultural and Museum Work, Provincial Advanced Unit for Cultural Relics Protection, and the first batch of "Historical Reproduction" Demonstration Museums for Cultural Heritage in Gansu.

Zhang Jian. Zhang Qian (164 BC, 114 BC), Ziwen, a native of Chenggu County, Hanzhong County (now Chenggu County, Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province), was an outstanding diplomat, traveler, explorer and pioneer of the Silk Road in the Han Dynasty, and his hometown was in Bowang Village, 2 kilometers south of Chenggu County, Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province.

Zhang Qian is full of pioneering and adventurous spirit, in the second year of the founding of the Western Han Dynasty (139 years ago), by the order of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, with Gan's father as a guide, led more than 100 people to the Western Regions, opened up the north-south road of the Han Dynasty to the Western Regions, that is, the famous Silk Road, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty awarded him the Marquis of Bowang with military merits. Historian Sima Qian praised Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions as "hollowing out", which means "opening bridges and burying avenues".

Zhang Qian is known as a great diplomat and explorer, "the pioneer of the Silk Road", "the first Chinese to open his eyes to the world", and "Columbus of the East".

He spread the civilization of the Central Plains to the Western Regions, and introduced species such as sweat horses, grapes, alfalfa, pomegranates, and flax from the countries of the Western Regions to the Central Plains, promoting the exchange of Eastern and Western civilizations.

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, because he wanted to attack the Xiongnu in the north, he wanted to find some helpers. At that time, it was proposed that there was a minority called the Da Yue clan, who originally lived in northwest China, and was later defeated by the Huns, and their leader's head was cut off by the Huns as a wine vessel to drink, and their people now went to the Western Regions, thinking that they must hate the Huns very much, it is better to send someone to contact the Da Yue people to attack the Xiongnu together. So Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted his suggestion and sent Zhang Qian as an envoy to the Western Regions.

After Zhang Qian sent an envoy to the Western Regions, he found the people of the Dayue clan and found that they had settled down and did not want to take revenge. So Zhang Qian returned to the Han Dynasty to report the matter to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty defeated the Huns, he sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions again, this time to show favor to the countries of the Western Regions.

Zhang Qian brought a large number of precious items to the Western Regions to give to the leaders of the Western Regions, and the leaders of the various tribes were very grateful to the Han Dynasty and also sent people to pay a return visit. As time passed, the relationship between the Han Dynasty and the Western Regions became closer. Slowly, the Han dynasty established its dominance in the Western Regions.

During the reign of Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty (60 BC), the Han Dynasty officially set up an administrative body in the Western Regions, called "Western Regions Protector", to manage the affairs of the Western Regions, and the Western Regions officially became Chinese territory. After the fall of the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty was first established, and the control of the Western Regions became increasingly declining, and the Xiongnu once again controlled the Western Regions. The Eastern Han Dynasty sent classes beyond the Western Regions.

After Ban Chao arrived in the Western Regions, he killed the envoys sent here by the Huns and took control of the Western Regions again. Ban Chao ruled the Western Regions for decades and won the hearts of the people here, and when he wanted to return to his hometown in his old age, many people in the Western Regions wept bitterly and refused to let him leave. From this until the fall of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Western Regions have always been attached to the ** regime.

In a narrow sense, the Western Regions refers to the west of Yumen Pass and Yangguan, the east of the present-day Pamir Plateau, the east and south of Lake Balkhash and the vast area of Xinjiang. The Western Regions in a broad sense refers to all areas that can be reached through the Western Regions in a narrow sense, including central and western Asia, and the Indian Peninsula. The countries of the Western Regions are mainly distributed in the Tarim Basin, the Turpan Basin and the edge of the Junggar Basin in the north, and live on oases using water that melts from the highlands.

The Western Regions belonged to the Han Dynasty from the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Liu Che. At that time, there were 36 countries in the Western Regions. The Western Regions Protectorate of the Han Dynasty was located in Luntai County, Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture (referred to as "Bazhou").

To the west of Jiayuguan, there was no Yumen Pass in the Han Dynasty, and the Yumen Pass was only available in the Tang Dynasty!!

There are three main parts to the Western Regions referred to by the Han Dynasty:

1.Hexi Corridor between the Kunlun Mountains --- the Qilian Mountains.

2.The central and northern parts of Xinjiang are mainly in the Turpan Basin and the southern part of the Tianshan Mountains.

3.Western Inner Mongolia.

The Book of Han is listed in its name: "The Western Regions began with filial piety, the thirty-six countries, and then slightly divided to more than fifty, all in the west of the Xiongnu and the south of Wusun." (1) "In the fourth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (101 BC), envoys were set up in Luntai and Quli, which was the beginning of the Central Plains Dynasty to set up officials in the Western Regions.

In the second year of Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty (60 B.C.), the Han Dynasty set up a capital in the Western Regions and unified more than 30 "city" states in the Western Regions. The area of jurisdiction includes the Green Ridge and Ferghana Basins in the west and Lake Balkhash in the northwest. From the late Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin dynasties, the Western Regions Changshi and Wu have been established to govern the Western Regions.

In the second year of Xianhe of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (327 AD), in addition to following the establishment of the Wei and Jin dynasties, the Qianliang regime also set up Gaochang County (now Turpan), making the county system implemented for the first time in the Western Regions. The former Qin, Houliang, Xiliang, and Northern Liang inherited this system. The Northern Wei Dynasty set up Shanshan Town and Yanqi Town.

After that, a Gaochang regime established by the Han Chinese emerged in the Western Regions. At the same time, the Turks rose up and occupied the Western Regions one by one, and Sui set up Shanshan County, Jimo County, Yiwu County and the Western Regions Captain. The three prefectures of Tang Shiyi, Xi and Ting, as well as the two prefectures of Anxi and Beiting, have jurisdiction over the vast areas of the Western Regions including Lake Balkhash and the Chu River Basin, as far as the Aral Sea and the west of the Amu Darya, as well as the Pamir.

In the Han Dynasty, people called the Yumen Pass, the west of Yangguan, including present-day Xinjiang, West Asia, Central Asia and further afield, the Western Regions.

The west of present-day Yangguan in Gansu Province and Yumen Pass, that is, the present-day Xinjiang region and beyond, are collectively known as the Western Regions.

The west of present-day Yumen Pass and Yangguan in Gansu Province, that is, the area of present-day Xinjiang and further afield, is called the Western Regions.

The Han Dynasty refers to the Western Regions outside the Yumen Pass, which is the Xinjiang side in modern times.

Today's Xinjiang region and beyond. To the west of Yumen Pass and Yangguan in present-day Gansu.

It should be the current Xinjiang and Hexi Corridor and other areas.

present-day Yumen Pass, west of Gansu and Xinjiang.

Xinjiang region and west of Xinjiang region.

Dunhuang and Yumen Pass are west of the Kunlun Mountains.

It refers to today's Xinjiang region and Europe and other regions.

In fact, it is the area of today's Gansu and Xinjiang.

After crossing the Hexi Corridor, Xinjiang area.

Xinjiang and Kazakhstan, etc. Stan.

Qinghai-Tibet and further to the west.

Send Zhang Qian to the Western Regions.

Zhang Qian's first mission to the Western Regions was not only an extremely difficult diplomatic trip, but also a fruitful scientific expedition. Zhang Qian conducted on-the-spot investigation and research work in the vast Western Regions, and personally visited the countries of the Western Regions and the Dawan, Kangju, Dayueshi, and Daxia countries in Central Asia.

After returning to Chang'an, Zhang Qian made a detailed report to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty on what he had seen and heard, explaining the location, specialty, population, city, and military strength of the eastern and western parts of the Green Mountains, Central Asia, West Asia, and even the rest of the Indian countries.

The basic content of this report is that Sima Qian preserved it in the "Historical Records: The Biography of Dawan Lie". This is the first and most reliable record of these regions in China and the world, and it is the most precious material in the world for the study of the paleogeography and history of these regions and countries.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was very satisfied with the results of Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions, and specially named Zhang Qian as the doctor of Taizhong, and awarded his father Tangyi the title of "Feng Envoy Jun" in recognition of their merits.

Zhang Qian. Zhang Qian, a native of Chenggu (now Chenggu, Shaanxi) in Hanzhong of the Western Han Dynasty, was a famous traveler and diplomat, and he had two missions to the Western Regions

1.First mission: In 139 BC, Zhang Qian was ordered by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to send an envoy to the Dayue clan, requesting the Dayue clan and the Han Dynasty to flank the Xiongnu, but it was unsuccessful. He returned to China in 126 BC.

2.Second mission: In 119 BC, he was ordered to send an envoy to Wusun, and it took several years to return to Chang'an.

3.When Zhang Qian made two missions to the Western Regions, he and his deputy envoys successively visited Dawan, Kangju, Daxia, Anxi, and other countries, and developed friendly relations between the Han Dynasty and Central Asian countries. At the same time, many products from the Western Regions were introduced to China one after another, and a large number of Chinese silk and other commodities were also transported to the Western Regions, thus promoting economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West.

Zhang Qian, Zhang Qian's envoy to the Western Regions brought back other materials for making fine steel (the name of the Western Regions, in fact, it is not what we call steel now), such as carbon, and the Han Dynasty factories added a certain proportion of cast iron to obtain better "refined steel" than the Western Regions (the reason for the lack of many useless impurities than other countries), which made the Han Dynasty army equipment stronger than other countries in a short period of time.