How does a molecule move? How do the electrons in a molecule move

Matter is in motion and never stops, stillness is relative, motion is absolute.

Molecular motion theory is a theory that expounds the law of thermal phenomena from the microstructure of matter, for example, it clarifies that the temperature of a gas is a sign of the average translational kinetic energy of molecules, and the pressure on the container wall is generated by the collision of a large number of gas molecules on the container wall.

First, there are various thermal phenomena in nature: changes in the temperature of objects, changes in the state of matter, thermal expansion and contraction of objects, etc. What is the nature of these thermal phenomena?

It was not until the 17th and 18th centuries that people began to understand that thermal phenomena are caused by the movement of a large number of particles inside matter, and this understanding gradually developed into a scientific theory. By the 19th century, the concept of energy had been established, and people gradually recognized that the energy associated with thermal phenomena was internal energy.

Second, molecules and substances.

We live in the material world, and we are surrounded by matter: water, air, stones, metals, animals, plants, etc. are all matter. As for the ancient topic of how matter is constituted, there have been various speculations for a long time, some assert that the source of all things is "qi", and some claim that the source of all things is "fire".

In the 5th century B.C., Mozi proposed that the smallest unit of matter is the "end", and in the 4th century B.C., Democritus of ancient Greece believed that everything in the universe is composed of atoms of different sizes and masses, which are inaccessible and constantly moving. After nearly 2,000 years of exploration, it was not until the end of the 17th century that it was scientifically recognized that matter is composed of molecules.

Matter is made up of molecules, which are extremely small particles. If you look at the molecule as spherical, it has a diameter of about 10-10 meters, which is an extremely small length that is not only invisible to the naked eye, but also difficult to see with a modern microscope. Because the molecules are extremely small, the number of molecules contained in an object is surprisingly large.

Normally, there is about one molecule in 1 centimeter3 of air, and if the speed of counting people can reach 10 billion per second, it will take more than 80 years to count this number.

The molecules that make up matter are in constant motion. Because the molecule is too small, it is not possible to directly observe the behavior of the molecule, but we can judge the behavior of the molecule from the macroscopic experimental phenomena.

Relationship between molecule and temperature: Molecular motion is related to temperature, the higher the temperature, the more intense the molecular motion. So increasing the temperature can speed up the movement of the molecules, or increasing the pressure of the container can also speed up the movement of the molecules (if in a sealed container).

0264 Li Jiani diffusion phenomenon - molecules in motion.

A molecule is the smallest particle that exists independently while maintaining the chemical properties of a substance. Molecules have a certain size and mass; There is a certain interval between molecules; Molecules are in constant motion; There is a certain force between molecules; Molecules can be made up of matter, and molecules can also be divided into smaller particles: atoms in chemical changes.

Molecules can be converted into each other in the 3 states with the change of temperature. The properties of the same kind of molecule are the same, and the properties of different kinds of molecules are different. The smallest molecule is an isotope of the hydrogen molecule, which is a hydrogen molecule without neutrons, called Euca, with a mass of 1

Large molecules can have a relative molecular mass of more than several million. Molecules with a relative molecular mass of more than several thousand are called polymers. Molecule is a tiny unit of matter, it is the smallest particle that can exist independently and maintain all the original chemical properties of the substance Molecule is generally composed of smaller particle atoms According to the number of atoms that make up the molecule, it can be divided into monoatomic molecules, diatomic molecules and polyatomic molecules; According to the electrical structure, it can be divided into polar molecules and non-polar molecules The microstructure and shape of the molecules of different substances are different, and the ideal model of the molecule is to regard it as spherical, and its diameter is on the order of 10 -10m.

The order of magnitude of molecular mass is about 10 -26 kg

Electrons are one of the elementary particles that make up atoms, have extremely small mass, are negatively charged, and revolve around the nucleus in atoms. Different electrons have different numbers, for example, each carbon atom contains 6 electrons, and each oxygen atom contains 8 electrons. The high energy is farther away from the nucleus, and the lower energy is closer to the nucleus.

The movement of electrons in different regions near and far from the nucleus is usually referred to as the hierarchical arrangement of electrons.

Got it.

Molecule is a microscopic concept, it can be said that matter is composed of molecules, but it can never be said that matter is composed of molecules, and the composition is an element.

1）。Molecular formula onlooker concept.

2）。A molecule is composed of atoms (a molecule is the smallest particle that retains the chemical properties of a substance, and the molecule can be redivided, but the atom cannot be redivided).

3) Molecules are constantly moving irregularly (the higher the temperature, the faster the molecules move) (4) There are gaps between molecules (e.g., gases can be compressed) (5) Atoms are composed of atoms and electrons outside the nucleus, and the nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons, which in turn are composed of quarks.

1. The intermolecular force of solid molecules is strong, and solid molecules only vibrate near a certain position.

2. The intermolecular force of the liquid is strong and strong, and the liquid molecules can move to other positions in addition to vibrating near a certain position, and the liquid has fluidity.

3. The inter-force between gas molecules is extremely weak, the movement of gas molecules is chaotic and irregular, and gas can fill any space.

Molecular motion is not mechanical motion. Mechanical motion is bound to produce friction, while molecular motion does not produce friction; Mechanical motion is macroscopic, the movement of the whole object, and indicators such as speed can be measured directly or indirectly with a measuring instrument. It is generally visible to the naked eye.

1.Thermal motion is a microscopic molecular motion. The conventional substances we see are composed of molecules, and the smallest unit of the molecule is the atom, the atom is the basic unit that keeps the substance has a certain property, and different atomic combinations will form different molecules, and different molecules will form different substances.

Atoms bond with atoms by chemical bonds between atoms, which are like springs that vibrate to dissolve the expansion and contraction vibrations between atoms, so as to maintain the state of matter. We can think of this vibration as the simple harmonic vibration of the harmonic oscillator.

2.Molecules can exist in gaseous, liquid, or solid forms. In addition to the translational motion of molecules, there are also rotations of molecules and various types of vibrations of atoms within molecules.

The amplitude of vibration and rotation inside a solid molecule is much smaller than that of a molecule in gases and liquids, and this internal movement of a molecule does not destroy the intrinsic properties of the molecule. The so-called molecular junction wheel structure is the structure when these atoms are in equilibrium.

3.Brownian motion is different from molecular thermal motion, it is related to temperature and the number of particles, the higher the temperature, the more intense the Brownian motion, and the fewer particles, the more intense the molecular thermal motion.

According to classical thermodynamics, Brownian motion is strictly a mechanical motion, so it exhibits a kind of mechanical energy. The particles that do Brownian motion are exactly at the dividing point between macroscopic and microscopic, so the mechanical energy in Brownian motion has both macroscopic mechanical energy and microscopic energy in a general sense.

Molecular kinetic energy. The dual nature of its energy concentration is somewhere in between, disorder.

Also in between.

Molecular movement teases: For example, in a glass of water, the water molecules in it are constantly doing irregular molecular movements, and a drop of ink in the water proves that the ink color immediately spreads. But this glass of water as a whole is not"Flow"It's just that the water is moving, and the water is not flowing.

The movement of objects is very easy, people are walking, and the mountain of wooden blocks is sliding on the inclined plane, which is the movement of objects. And even when the block is not sliding (at rest), the molecules that make it up are in constant motion.