Philosophical views on Francis Bacon

Empiricism, scientific spirit.

Inductive logic.

Bacon's most important work is on the philosophy of science. He planned to write a magnum opus, The Great Revival, in six parts. intends to reiterate the current state of our knowledge in the first part; The second part describes a new scientific method of investigation; The third part collects experimental data; The fourth part explains his new methods of scientific work; Part V presents some tentative conclusions; The final part reviews the knowledge gained using his new approach.

As you can imagine, this grand plan – perhaps the most ambitious since Aristotle – never came to fruition. But the Progress of Scholarship (1605) and the New Instruments (1620) can be seen as the first two parts of his great work.

The New Tool is perhaps Bacon's most important book. The book is basically a call to experimental investigation. Because of the absurdity of relying entirely on Aristotle's method of deductive logic, a new method of logic was needed, the inductive method.

Knowledge is not a known condition in our inferences, but a conclusive thing to be deduced from the condition, more precisely the conclusion to which we want to reach the end. In order to understand the world, people must first observe the world. Bacon pointed out that facts should be gathered first, and then conclusions should be drawn from those facts by means of inductive reasoning.

Although the scientist did not follow Bacon's inductive method in every detail, the basic ideas he expressed were of great significance for observation and experimentation, and formed the core of the methods that scientists have adopted ever since.

Bacon's last book was New Sittlantis, which described a utopian nation on a fictional island in the Pacific Ocean. While the setting in the book is reminiscent of Sir Thomas Moore's utopia, the whole point of view is quite different. In Bacon's book, the prosperity and happiness of his ideal kingdom depended on, and came directly from, the scientific research he concentrated on.

Of course, Bacon is indirectly telling the reader that the sensible application of scientific research can make the people of Europe as prosperous and happy as the people of his mysterious island.

One can quite say that Francis Bacon was a true modern philosopher. His entire worldview is temporal rather than religious (although he firmly believes in God). He was a rationalist rather than an admirer of superstition, an empiricist rather than a sophist.

Politically, he was a realist rather than a theoretician. His profound knowledge and brilliant writing resonate with science and technology.

Similarities: 1. Both of them are the ancestors of materialism and experimental science, and advocate the acquisition of true knowledge through scientific experiments.

2. They all criticized the blind worship of authority and idealistic transcendental theory of scholasticism, and advocated breaking "idols", eradicating all kinds of prejudices and illusions, and deriving regular understandings through scientific induction.

3. They all advocate the spirit of scientific rationality and believe that science should serve mankind with the purpose of practical application. Differences:

4. Roger Bacon philosophically advocated the criticism and questioning of authority, believing that true knowledge can only be obtained through observation and experiment, while Francis Bacon emphasized breaking the "idol" and proposed an inductive method to derive regular cognitive answers.

5. Francis Bacon emphasized the social application value of science, and advocated that science should be combined with technology to serve mankind. The belief that science should be aimed at practical application and not for personal gain or argumentation.

6. Rogier Bacon paid more attention to the study of natural philosophy and natural science, while Francis Bacon paid more attention to social problems and the development of human civilization. The book "New Tools" proposed the "empirical induction method" and the "phased method", which laid the foundation for the development of modern science. Philosophy is essentially the rational activity of man to understand man and man to understand man, and it is based on various specific sciences, taking the universal laws of the whole world as the object of study, and providing theoretical guidance for specific disciplines.

Bacon's philosophical thought is inseparable from his social thought. He was a representative of the period of the rise of the bourgeoisie, advocating the development of production, the desire to explore nature, and the development of science. He argues that it is empirical philosophy that hinders the development of contemporary science.

As a result, he was a strong critic of empiric, philosophical, and theological authorities. He further exposed the root cause of the fallacy of human cognition and put forward the famous "Four Hypothesis Theory". He said that this is a pathological state that occurs in the human heart in general, rather than confusion and difficulty that arises in a certain situation.

The first is the "illusion of race", which is a misunderstanding caused by human nature; The second is the "cave illusion", which is a one-sided error in an individual's understanding due to his personality, hobbies, education, and environment; The third is the "illusion of the market", that is, the confusion of thinking due to the uncertainty of the concept of language when people interact. The fourth is the "illusion of theater", which refers to the misconception caused by blind superstition of authority and tradition. Bacon pointed out that empirical philosophers have dealt a heavy blow to empirical philosophy by using the four falsehoods to obliterate the truth and create falsehoods.

However, Bacon's "hypothesis" penetrated the empiricist tendencies of Bacon's philosophy, and failed to make a strict distinction between the nature of reason and the vanity of idealism.

Bacon believed that the academic tradition of the time was poor because of the loss of contact between scholarship and experience. He advocated that scientific theories and science and technology complement each other. He advocated the breaking of "idols" and the eradication of all kinds of prejudices and illusions, and he proposed that "truth is the daughter of time and not the daughter of authority", which made a powerful attack on empirical philosophy.

Bacon's view of the scientific method is mainly experimental, qualitative and inductive. He inherited and developed the ancient idea that matter is the origin of all things, and believed that the world is made of matter, that matter has the property of motion, and motion is the property of matter. From a materialist standpoint, Bacon pointed out that the task of science is to understand nature and its laws.

However, due to the limitations of the times, his worldview still has the characteristics of naïve materialism and metaphysics.

The philosophical system established by Francis Bacon had a profound influence on Loche and others. （）

a.That's right. b.Mistake.

Correct answer: B

Francis Pill's philosophical system of philosophical sedan chair had a profound influence on Locke and others. () Ruler slag.

a.That's right. b.Mistake.

Correct Answer: a

In Francis Pegan's view, truth comes from ().

a.Philosophy. b.Logic.

c.Belief. d.Experience.

a.Correct Qin Chun Sui.

b.Mistake. Correct Answer: a

Francis Bacon believed that the truth was due to ().

a.Logic. b.Philosophy.

c.Experience. d.Belief.

The answer is that the god is staring at the answer: c