Is the second law of thermodynamics correct?

However, black holes also have their own "spheres of influence", and outside the sphere of influence, there is still a vacuum, and black holes have not undergone "free diffusion" to fill those vacuums. Matter in the universe does not tend to be evenly distributed. On the contrary, stars and planets of all sizes and masses are constantly emptying the space near their orbits through gravity.

For example, the Earth's atmosphere is currently very stable, and at this temperature and this gravitational pull, the escape and replenishment of the atmosphere are almost balanced. But according to the second law of thermodynamics, the earth's atmosphere should have escaped a long time ago, and the atmosphere should have filled into a vacuum. And the universe should be filled with a thin and almost evenly distributed gas, rather than a small number of planets as it is now, and there is almost always a vacuum outside the atmosphere of the planets.

I am a radio and television engineering major, and I am currently in my third year, and many of our classes are taken together with the electromagnetic field major, and electromagnetic field theory is a compulsory course in their major. And the founder of the electromagnetic field theory is none other than Maxwell.

In addition, the textbooks of electromagnetic field theory also assume that the speed of light has a relative frame of reference, which is "the state of motion of an object emitting light (or electromagnetic wave) at the moment of emitting light (or electromagnetic wave)".

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

1. The second law of thermodynamics.

The second law of thermodynamics), one of the fundamental laws of thermodynamics, Clausius stated that heat cannot be spontaneously transferred from a cold object to a high temperature. Kelvin.

It is stated that it is not possible to take heat from a single heat source and convert it completely into useful work without other effects. Principle of entropy increase.

The micro-increment of entropy during the thermal process of irreversible rolling ridges is always greater than zero. In natural processes, the total chaos of an isolated system (i.e., the "entropy of the great oak permeation") does not decrease.

In the year, the French engineer Sadie Canot proposed the Carnot theorem. The German Rudolph Clausius and the Englishman Lord Kelvin in the first law of thermodynamics.

After its establishment, the Carnot theorem was re-examined, and it was realized that Carnot's theorem had to be based on a new theorem, the second law of thermodynamics. They came up with the Clausius formulation and the Kelvin formulation in 1850 and 1851, respectively. These two expressions are conceptually equivalent.

For a monoatomic ideal gas, which has only three translational freedoms, according to the energy equilibrium theorem, it can be known that the average kinetic energy of each particle should be 3*, and kb is the Boltzmann constant. Then for 1mol of this gas, the total kinetic energy should be 3*, and Na is Avogadro's constant, because the thermodynamic constant is closed r=(kb)(Na).

Therefore, the total kinetic energy is, since it is an ideal gas, the intermolecular potential energy is 0, therefore, the internal energy of the gas is u=. After that, according to the definition of equal body heat capacity: CV=du dt, substituting the internal energy into it, there is CV=for isobaric heat capacity.

According to the definition, it is cp=dh dt, which is derived from the enthalpy and internal energy relationship h=u+pv, and the ideal gas equation of state pv=nrt is substituted, then there is h=u+nrt, and the molar heat capacity is n=1mol, so there is h=u+rt=, and the final isobaric heat capacity is cp=dh dt=.

The second law of thermodynamics states that it is impossible to transfer heat from a low-temperature object to a high-temperature object without other effects, or to take heat from a single heat source and convert it completely into useful work without other effects, or to irreversibly increase the entropy in a thermodynamic process that is always greater than zero. This law, also known as the law of increasing entropy, states that the total degree of chaos of an isolated system does not decrease in natural processes.

There is a significant difference between the initial state and the final state of the irreversible process carried out by the thermodynamic system, which determines the direction of the process, and people use the state function entropy to describe this difference, which can be further proved theoretically that the reversible adiabatic process SF=Si, and the irreversible adiabatic process SF>Si, where SF and Si are the final and initial entropy of the system respectively. That is, the entropy of the system always remains the same for reversible processes within an isolated system. For irreversible processes, the entropy of the system always increases.

This law is called the principle of increasing entropy, which is another formulation of the second law of thermodynamics.

The second law also ensures that the system is linear in a finite macroscopic system, and that the system is all isotropic. In addition, there are some inferences, such as thermal radiation, the radiation intensity of any position and any wavelength in the constant temperature blackbody cavity is the same, and when an object with any optical properties is added, the radiation intensity at any position and any wavelength in the cavity remains unchanged.

1. It solves the problem of the "quality" of energy. The second law of thermodynamics describes the direction of heat transfer, i.e., the mechanical energy of the regular motion of the molecule can be completely converted into the irregular motion of the molecule or the heat energy of the orange; However, heat energy cannot be completely converted into mechanical energy, and can only be transmitted from high-temperature objects to low-temperature objects. It is often stated that every spontaneous physical or chemical process always proceeds in the direction of increasing entropy, which is a type of thermal energy that cannot be converted into work.

It can be seen that the second law of thermodynamics solves the problem of the "quality" of energy, revealing the irreversibility of the transformation of heat and work and heat transfer.

2. The second law of thermodynamics states that heat can be spontaneously transferred from a hotter object to a colder object, but it is not possible to spontaneously transfer heat from a colder object to a hotter object (Clausius formulation); It can also be expressed as: the result of two objects rubbing against each other turns the work into heat, but it is impossible to convert this frictional heat back into work without other effects. For thermal processes such as diffusion, osmosis, mixing, combustion, electric heat, and hysteresis, although their inverses still conform to the first law of thermodynamics, they cannot occur spontaneously.

The first law of thermodynamics does not address the direction, conditions, and limits of energy conversion, which are precisely dictated by the second law of thermodynamics.

Use the method of counter-evidence. If two absolute ** can intersect, plus an isotherm can form a loop (closed curve). This cycle only absorbs heat from a single heat source in an isothermal process and then does work externally, which clearly violates the second law of thermodynamics.

Therefore, it is absolutely impossible for two to intersect.

The second law of thermodynamics, one of the fundamental laws of thermodynamics, was stated by Clausius that heat cannot be spontaneously transferred from a cold object to a high temperature.

Kelvin states that it is not possible to take heat from a single heat source and convert it completely into useful work without other effects. Principle of entropy increase.

The micro-increment of entropy in an irreversible thermal process is always greater than zero. In natural processes, the total degree of chaos (i.e., "entropy") of an isolated system does not decrease.