What are the stages of livestock breeding and their characteristics?

It is roughly divided into five stages, and the specific characteristics are as follows:

The world's first register of purebred livestock was the winner of the major horse races established in the United States in 1791.

pedigree. The establishment of the Shorthorn Cattle Excellent Breed Register in 1822 can be regarded as the beginning of the registration system of improved breeds in livestock breeding. Purebred registers are generally held and controlled by the corresponding associations and have the function of keeping livestock breeds pure.

However, in the 19th century, except for British thoroughbred horses, which were selected based on racing results, other domestic animals were still mainly based on appearance identification.

In 1900, the establishment of modern genetic theory led to the scientific development of livestock breeding.

of the road. However, until the mid-thirties of the twentieth century, livestock breeders were rarely able to directly apply the results of genetic research to improve performance, because there were no methods suitable for practical application by livestock breeders.

At the end of the 30s, Le Shi established the quantitative genetic theory on the basis of his previous research, which can be applied to the genetic analysis of quantitative traits and the estimation of breeding stock breeding values and selection effects, thus developing a series of theories and methods focusing on group selection, and promoting the development of livestock breeding science.

At the same time, the rapid development of artificial insemination technology has significantly expanded the number and distribution area of female animals mated to each male animal, increasing the difference in breeding opportunities between male animals, thereby increasing the selection effect.

Second world war.

Later, due to the development of commercial animal husbandry, to genetics.

Theory-based livestock breeding techniques have been rapidly disseminated.

Since the end of the 70s, due to genetic engineering.

With the gradual development of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer technology, new methods have emerged one after another, and livestock breeding has begun to enter a new stage of development.

1.Traditional Livestock Breeding Thought and Practice.

2.Modern Breeding and Breeding Practice.

3.The development of modern breeding theory and breeding practice.

See "Animal Breeding", Zhang Yuan.

<>1. Livestock genetics and breeding can increase the proportion of excellent breeding stock and ensure the steady improvement of herd productivity. 2. Livestock genetics and breeding can change the direction of livestock production, so as to better meet people's living needs. 3. Livestock genetics and breeding can make full use of heterosis to improve the quantity and quality of products.

4. Livestock genetics and breeding can breed animal breeds suitable for factory production and develop commodity production. 5. Livestock genetics and breeding can greatly improve the production efficiency of livestock.

1. The significance of livestock genetics and breeding to the development of animal husbandry

1. Livestock genetics and breeding contribute the most to improving livestock production efficiency, about 40% (feed accounts for 20%, disease prevention and control accounts for 10%, feeding management level accounts for 20%, and others account for 10%).

2. Livestock genetics and breeding can increase the proportion of excellent breeding stock and ensure the steady improvement of herd productivity.

3. Livestock genetics and breeding can change the direction of livestock production (such as changing coarse sheep to fine sheep, service cattle to dairy cattle or beef cattle, and small native pigs to lean pigs), so as to ensure that the livestock products produced can better meet people's living needs.

4. Livestock genetics and breeding can fully protect and develop the utilization of livestock breed resources, select and breed excellent livestock, and promote them.

5. Livestock genetics and breeding can make full use of heterosis to improve the quantity and quality of products.

6. Livestock genetics and breeding can breed animal breeds suitable for factory production for the development of commodity production.

2. What are the types of animal husbandry?

1. Animal husbandry in rural areas.

1) Mainly grain-consuming by-product animal husbandry, raising livestock mostly pigs, poultry, draft animals and goats, feed ** mainly straw, weeds, wild vegetables and a variety of agricultural by-products (such as cotton cake, soybean meal, chaff, wheat bran, yams), usually also use hillsides and scattered grasslands for grazing.

2) Mainly for house feeding, only for a short time after the crop is harvested.

3) The cost of feed accounts for a relatively high proportion, generally more than 65%.

4) The combination of agriculture and animal husbandry is sufficient, the operation and management are more meticulous, and the production level is high.

2. Animal husbandry in pastoral areas.

1) It is mainly distributed in grassland and desert areas, mainly grazing.

2) Most of the livestock are herbivores, so the food is greatly affected by the season and is prone to the threat of disastrous weather.

3) The combination of agriculture and animal husbandry is not close, the management is extensive, and the livestock productivity is low and unbalanced.

3. Animal husbandry in the suburbs of the city.

1) Mainly distributed in cities and near large industrial and mining areas, raising pigs, chickens, dairy cows and other livestock, providing meat, eggs, milk and other livestock products for the surrounding areas.

2) The technical level and commodity rate are high.

4. Semi-agricultural animal husbandry.

1) It is distributed in a long and narrow belt along the north and south of the Great Wall, and is the main base of draft livestock and meat livestock in agricultural areas.

2) Dryland agriculture and grazing and animal husbandry are staggered in the region, which has the characteristics of pure pastoral grazing and agricultural house feeding.

<> breeding is a technology aimed at cultivating new varieties of excellent animals and plants by creating genetic variation and improving genetic characteristics, and is of great significance to the development of animal husbandry and crop farming. Common breeding methods mainly include plant breeding and animal breeding, hybrid breeding and genetic engineering breeding belong to animal breeding methods, and plant breeding methods are mainly divided into conventional breeding and unconventional breeding and single (multiple) breeding.

1. What are the breeding methods?

1. The way of breeding.

Commonly used breeding methods can be divided into plant breeding and animal breeding, among which plant breeding can be divided into conventional breeding, unconventional breeding and single (multiple) sports species, conventional breeding includes hybrid breeding and distant hybridization, while mutagenesis breeding belongs to unconventional breeding, and single (multiple) sports species include molecular breeding and in vitro culture technology. Animal breeding methods are mainly divided into cross breeding and genetic engineering breeding.

2. Introduction to breeding.

1) Breeding is a technique that aims to breed new varieties of superior plants and animals by creating genetic variation and improving genetic traits.

2) Breeding can generally be divided into three basic steps, one is to discover and create the required genetic variation, the second is to select according to the goal of breeding, so that the comprehensive traits tend to be stable, and the third is to select, reproduce and promote varieties.

3) Breeding is based on genetics and comprehensively applies ecological, physiological, biochemical, pathological and biostatistical disciplines, which is of great significance for the development of animal husbandry and planting.

2. The role of genetic breeding in livestock production

1. Taking the role of genetic breeding of livestock in animal husbandry production as an example, livestock and poultry breed resources can be fully protected and developed through genetic breeding.

2. Usually livestock can breed new varieties and strains that meet market demand after genetic breeding.

3. Genetic breeding can improve the coverage rate of improved breeds in livestock and poultry groups.

4. After genetic breeding, general livestock can make full use of heterosis to provide high-yield, low-consumption commercial livestock and poultry for humans.

Summary. (1) Core group.

The nucleus herd, i.e., livestock breeding, is at the top of the pyramid, and the main breeding measures are carried out in this part, and the effectiveness of its work determines the genetic progress and economic benefits of the entire breeding system. Here, the selection of several pure lines is carried out at the same time. (2) The breeding group is in the middle of the breeding system, and plays an important role in connecting the upper (core group) and the lower (production group).

3) The production group is at the bottom of the pyramid system and forms the basis of the breeding system.

What is the composition and function of the livestock and poultry breeding system?

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Hello, a complete breeding system resembles a pyramid, consisting of a nucleus, a breeding group and a production group.

In animal husbandry production, livestock genetics and breeding contribute the highest to improving livestock production efficiency, accounting for 40%, feed for 20%, disease prevention and control accounting for 10%, feeding management level 20%, and others accounting for 10%. (According to a data survey, the contribution rate of varieties reached 45%)

Livestock breeding can affect animal productivity in at least the following ways1Through breeding, livestock and poultry breed resources can be fully protected and exploited.

2.Through breeding, new varieties and strains are cultivated that meet the market demand.

3.Through breeding, the coverage of improved breeds in livestock and poultry populations can be improved.

4.Make full use of heterosis through breeding to provide high-yielding, low-consumption commercial livestock and poultry.