What are the traditional methods of furigana fuji?

Chinese characters are the Chinese nation.

The traditional characters also represent the long-standing national spirit of the Chinese nation.

and memorized words. From ancient times to the present, people have put a lot of effort into the phonetics of Chinese characters, and there are several different methods of phonetic pronunciation of Chinese characters just by the process. In our country today the traditional Latin alphabet is used.

On the basis of the improved development of the Chinese character pinyin phonetic method. So in ancient times, what were the traditional methods of the phonetic function of Chinese characters?

The first thing to mention is the method of fughai of kanjiReverse cut, the reverse cutting method was the most used in ancient China, and it is also the longest-used Chinese character phonetic method. Generally speaking, to use the counterattack method to phonetize Chinese characters, you need to use two different Chinese characters, and when phonetic, take the initials of one of the Chinese characters and the finals and tones of the other Chinese character respectively, and use them as the upper character of the reverse cut and the lower character of the reverse cut respectively to phonetize the Chinese characters. There are two different Chinese characters taken out of the initials, finals, and the combination of tones, which is the final pronunciation of the Chinese characters.

The second method of phonetic pronunciation of ancient Chinese characters to be mentioned is to read Ruofa. The so-called pronunciation method refers to the use of characters with the same pronunciation as the Chinese characters to be phoneticized, or characters with similar pronunciations to be phonetic. "Reading Ruo" is also "Saying Wen Jie Zi".

One of the most common explanatory terms in it, sometimes "read if" can also be written as "read as", "read as", and so on. All in all, the pronunciation method is a very simple and easy-to-understand method of phonetic Chinese characters. However, this phonetic method also has many shortcomings, we all know that from ancient times to the present, the pronunciation of many Chinese characters in China has also undergone different changes, which has led to some ancient Chinese characters that can be pinyin using this method, and now, it is impossible to investigate what the real pronunciation of these Chinese characters is.

The last method to mention is the straight phonetic method. The so-called straight pronunciation method refers to the selection of a Chinese character with the same pronunciation as the pronunciation of the Chinese character to be phonetic, and this pronunciation method has a certain similarity with the pronunciation method. However, from the phonetic method, we can also see that compared with the pronunciation method, the phonetic method of the straight pronunciation method will be more accurate.

In this way, we also have to say that the phonetic method of Chinese characters really has a long history.

, the reverse cutting method was the most used in ancient China, and it is also the longest-used Chinese character phonetic method.

Reading Ruofa refers to the use of characters with the same pronunciation as the Chinese characters to be phonetic, or words with similar pronunciations to phonetics;

The straight pronunciation method refers to the selection of a Chinese character with the same pronunciation as the pronunciation of the Chinese character to be phonetic, and this phonetic method has a certain similarity with the pronunciation method.

Our Chinese culture is broad and profound, and the phonetic method of Chinese characters also has a long history.

In ancient times, there were many methods of phonetic pronunciation of Chinese characters, such as straight pronunciation, reverse cut, phonetic symbols, pinyin, and situation, but we still commonly use pinyin.

The methods of phonetic pronunciation of Hansheng Lao Tan characters include the situation method, the reading method, the straight sound method, and the reverse cutting method.

1. Situational law.

It is a simple description of the pronunciation of Chinese characters. Generally, it is divided into oral posture, tongue position, rapid aspiration and length of voice.

2. Read the law.

It is to use homophones or phonetic words to phonetize the annotated characters. The method of "reading ruo" is simple and easy to understand, but the disadvantage is that it is not accurate enough, sometimes the pronunciation is only roughly similar, and over time, the pronunciation of some words used to make notes has changed, and it is difficult for later generations to grasp the accurate reading of the word according to the phonetic.

3. Straight sound method.

It is to choose a Chinese character with the same pronunciation as the annotated character to be phonetic. The straight method has been used in China for a long time, and to this day, it is occasionally used in some reference books. However, this method of phonetic pronunciation still has certain limitations, and Cihai writes when explaining "straight sound":

If there is no homophone, the law is poor, or if there is a homophone and it is hidden and difficult to read, the law is poor. That is to say, if the annotated word does not have homophones, then there is no way to pronounce the phonetics, or if the annotated words have homophones but the homophones are very obscure, it is still difficult for the reader to pronounce them.

4. Reverse cutting method.

It is a method of using two Chinese characters together to phonetize one Chinese character. That is, use the initials of the previous word and the finals of the next word to make a new pronunciation. The reverse cutting method can accurately note the pronunciation of Chinese characters, but it still has its own weaknesses, for example, when the word "wu" is phonetic, it can be written as "Wenfu cut", and it can also be written as "Wen Axe Cut", "Wen Lu Che" and so on, so that the two words used to make notes are difficult to fix, and it is inconvenient to remember.

The ancient phonetic method is the straight sound method, the reading method, the leaf sound method, and the reverse cut method.

and five kinds of situational methods.

1. Straight phonetic method: use homophones to phonetic, words without homophones can not be phonetic, if it is more difficult to read than the phonetic words, then there is no phonetic effect. Such as: Father Yinfu.

2. Reading Ruo Method: Using the method of analogy to phonetize Chinese characters, that is, to read like the sound of a certain character. Such as: Song, read if sent; 砉, read like Hua.

3. Ye Yin Method: Temporarily changing the pronunciation of a word for the sake of poetry rhyme is a wrong phonetic way: subjectively changing the pronunciation of a word is groundless. Such as: rats and rats, no food I wheat. "Mai, Ye Yin Mouse".

4. Reverse cutting method: It is to use two Chinese characters to phonetize another Chinese character, and the two Chinese characters used for phonetic pronunciation, the former one is called the reverse cut upper word, the latter one is called the reverse cut lower word, and the phonetic word is called the cut word. The relationship can be expressed as follows: Cut word = reverse cut word + reverse cut word.

5. Situational method: It is a method of comparing and illustrating similar things.

Flat tongue sounds: z, c, s. Tongue warping: zh, ch, sh, r.

Prenasal: an, en, in, un, ün. Post-nasal: ang, eng, ing, ong.

When pronouncing flat tongue sounds, the tip of the tongue against the back of the upper or lower teeth can be used, depending on personal habits and actual pronunciation. The tongue is pronounced with the tip of the tongue raised, touching or approaching the anterior hard palate. The pronunciation parts of these two types of initials are one after the other, and they are completely opposed.

The anterior nasal pronunciation technique is that the tongue pushes against the gums at the end of the pronunciation, and the tongue and gums in the mouth are completely occluded, and the soft palate droops to ventilate the nasal cavity.

Posterior nasal sounds, such as vowels a and e, are first retracted at the same time as they are pronounced later, and then ascend in a parabola, so that the base of the tongue and the soft palate form an obstruction, so that the airflow enters the nasal cavity from the posterior mouth. When the tongue heel is pulled back, the tongue heel and the soft palate can be obstructed, resulting in the nasal resonance after the confusion.

The method of using Chinese characters as the phonetic method of Chinese characters is the earliest method of Chinese character phonetic pronunciation in China. With the gradual deepening of the ancients' understanding of phonetics, they created a variety of phonetic methods to meet the needs of the society at that time, mainly including the method of pronunciation, the method of reading ruo, the method of straight pronunciation, and the method of reverse cutting.

1) Situational law.

For example, it is a method of using the form of analogy and using phonetic proximity or homophone. The method of analogy often describes the pronunciation part and pronunciation method of the annotated phone. For example, "Huainanzi Topographical Training":

Its place should be millet and rhinoceros." Gao lure note: "Read the precautionary plan, and the impatient words are obtained."

2) Reading the Dharma.

Reading ruo, also known as "reading as", is to use homophones or phonetic words to phonetize the annotated words. Most of the earliest character books in China, "Shuowen Jie Zi", use this method to phonetically. For example, "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" "訄, forced also."

Read it. "The Book of Rites: Confucianism": "Living and competing for its will."

Zheng Xuan's note: "Letters, read like bending and stretching, and borrowing words also." ”

3) Straight Tone Method.

The straight method is a method of marking pronunciation with homophones. The direct sound method is the inheritance and development of the method of reading and reading, and compared with the method of saying and reading the law, the direct sound method has obvious advantages. Examples of the use of the straight sound method in ancient books are:

Hanshu Wudi Ji should be noted: "貤, sound shift." "Hanshu Geography" Meng Kang Note:

Frustrated, Oto. ”

4) Reverse cut method.

Reverse cutting is the most influential and longest-standing double-spelling phonetic method in ancient China. The first word is the reverse cut word, which indicates the initials of the cut word; The second character is the reverse cut character, which indicates the finals and the tone of the pronunciation. That is, the upper word takes the sound, and the lower word takes the rhyme and tone.

For example, "Guangyun": "Slow, cut the pipe." The pronunciation of the word "slow" is to take the sound (h) of the character "hu", take the rhyme and tone (uan) of "guan", and then spell it together (huan=h+uan).

The reverse cut is a big improvement over its previous phonetic method. Since the Sui and Tang dynasties, until the advent of Chinese character phonetic symbols, the reverse cut method has been used in dictionaries to phonetize Chinese characters. However, the reverse cutting method is also flawed, and people must seek more accurate ways to phonetize Chinese characters.

In ancient times, the commonly used phonetic methods included the straight sound method and the reverse cut method.

1. Straight pronunciation method: the method of using a relatively easy to recognize word to mark the word with the same phone. It includes the method of reading as, reading if, the method of saying and the method of direct sound.

Reading Ruofa is to use the analogy of similar pronunciations, so that the reader can guess the correct pronunciation of the annotated words. The anagram is the use of descriptive language to say the phonetic characteristics of words. The straight method is to use homophones to phonetize.

2. Reverse cutting method: Jin Min uses two words to note the sound of another word. Reverse cutting is a phonetic method of Chinese characters in ancient China, and it is also a method of analyzing the phonetic structure of Chinese characters.

The reverse cut method uses two Chinese characters to phonetize a Chinese character, the front word is called the reverse cut upper character, take its initials, and the back one is the reverse cut lower word, take its finals and tones, and the initials, finals, and tones are taken out after a combination is the pronunciation of that Chinese character. Before the use of foreign phonetic transcription and foreign alphabet phonetics, the reverse cutting method was the most important and longest-used phonetic method in ancient China. The reverse cutting method was popular in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and in the Tang and Song dynasties, and until the announcement of the phonetic alphabet in 1918, the reverse cutting method has been widely used as the main method of Chinese character cover liquid phonetics.