What are the characteristics of Taoma in the Western Jin Dynasty? Characteristics of pottery craftsm

Judging from the pottery horses unearthed in various places, most of them are more rigid, and the posture of the horse also seems to be very inflexible.

Machang type Majiayao cultural pottery is developed from the mid-mountain type, although there are innovations, but the general trend is decline. In the early days, faience was popular amphorae, mostly decorated with zigzag patterns; In the middle period, the clay pot with a thin body and a long neck is the mainstay, and the four major circle patterns are popular; In the later period, wavy patterns were popular, and the color painting was mainly black and red, but black and red painting methods were not commonly used. During this period, pottery was prevalent, in which a layer of mud was applied to the surface of the pottery and then painted with black patterns to create a contrasting effect of decorative colors.

Machang type faience ornamentation mainly includes straight lines, back lines, swirl patterns, reticulated patterns, human-shaped patterns (frog patterns), etc., among which the human-shaped patterns are manifested as the head and body, hands and feet, hands, feet and five fingers in the early stage, and the head disappears in the middle stage, leaving only the torso, and increasing the limbs; In the late stage, only the fingers of the claws are left or become triangular folded lines, which shows the process from complex to simple. The zigzag gradually disappeared during this period.

Renaissance.

Italian burial pottery is generally referred to as "Mallorca."

style pottery". Mallorca is the Mediterranean Sea.

An island in Valencia, Spain.

Valencia) was once imported into Italy in large quantities, which shows that Italian pottery was influenced by Islamic pottery techniques. But the so-called Mallorcan pottery in Italy is far from the ochre-glazed pottery of Valencia in terms of production and decoration. The Mallorcan pottery production process is first formed and fired plainly, then white pottery clothes are applied, dried and decorated, and then fired again.

The colors of the painting are mainly yellow, blue, green and purple. In the early days, most of the painted decorations were patterned plants, birds, beasts, character combinations, coats of arms, etc., and there are still traces of late Gothic decoration. In the later period, it mainly depicts mythological stories, characters and daily life scenes, with realistic techniques and rigorous modeling.

The common shapes of the utensils include handle pots, **, open bottles and medicine bottles, as well as terracotta tiles used for paving.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, celadon as a new handicraft industry was developed in the south, in the birthplace of porcelain in Zhejiang, due to the rich raw material resources and fuel resources, the pottery industry in this area developed rapidly, and many celadon ware appeared, among which the famous ones are in Shangyu, Shaoxing and other places of Yue kiln, Wenzhou Ou kiln, Hangjiahu west of Deqing porcelain, Jinhua Wuzhou kiln, Jiangsu Yixing Junshan kiln. In addition, there are porcelain kilns in Jiangxi, Anhui, Fujian and Sichuan to produce porcelain. At this time, the firing of celadon generally adopts wheel technology and makeup soil, and the porcelain tire is dense and does not absorb water; The enamel is transparent and vitreous; The tire glaze is tightly bonded and not easy to fall off.

With the formation of tea culture, the spread of Buddhism and the rise of Shiwen, the variety of porcelain colors has greatly increased. New products such as trays, lotus flowers, smokers, goblets, inkstones, and water bowls have appeared. Among them, the shape of the tiger, candlestick, oil lamp and water bowl is bold and exaggerated, and it is full of aesthetic taste.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Northern Wei Dynasty, which was located in the north, also began to fire porcelain, and Henan, Hebei, Shandong and other places also fired celadon with their own characteristics, so it was called "northern celadon". The northern celadon fetal bone is thinner, with grayish-white, higher heat, no black spots, and the glaze color is different, some with blue-brown, and some are blue-yellow. The lotus petal pattern is thick and simple.

The northern celadon adopts the steamed bread kiln, and the forming generally adopts the wheel blank and shooting, molding, carving, hand kneading, etc. Northern celadon ware is practical, more plain and less ornamented, the most common is the string pattern, and the mainstream pattern is the lotus petal pattern. Typical utensils include unearthed celadon lotus flowers, chicken head pots, lion-shaped candlesticks, frog-shaped water bowls, tigers and various figures, animal maids, etc.

The shape is novel, rough and thick, practical and beautiful, and the bottom of the general utensils is thick and heavy. In terms of glaze color, shape and fetal quality, there are many differences between the northern and southern celadons, the southern porcelain glaze is verdant, and the northern porcelain glaze is yellow; The shape of the south is light and beautiful, and the celadon in the north is rough and heavy; Southern porcelain contains more iron oxide, and northern porcelain is mixed with alumina and titanium oxide. It can be seen that soon after the development of porcelain in the north, a new system was formed that was very different from the style of the south.

In the later period, it mainly depicted mythological stories, allegorical characters and daily life scenes, with realistic techniques and rigorous styling. The common shapes of the utensils are Duan Bizheng handle pots, **, open bottles and medicine bottles, and there are also clay bricks for paving the floor.

The body of these pottery horses is very well-proportioned, with a beautiful contour, elastic muscles, and very delicate undulations in the bones and skin. Among them, the head of the horse is the place where the artists focus on expression. Although it is only summarized into a few large blocks, it is rich in expression, and the ears, nose, mouth, and eyes are all deeply depicted.

The horse's head was lifted upward, its eyes were wide open, its nostrils were open, and its slightly open mouth seemed to be neighing. They seem to be in a state of alert readiness, with infinite power stored in their bodies, and as soon as they hear the order, they will immediately leap up and rush towards the enemy camp. The loose mane on the top of the horse's head adds to the dynamics of the whole work.

These pottery horses, like the thousands of terracotta warriors who were ready to go, all contained high-spirited fighting enthusiasm and incomparably abundant energy. This is a true portrayal of the Qin Dynasty's strong period.

The main feature of Majiayao cultural pottery is that it is handmade, using the mud strip plate construction method; Painted pottery is the most representative. The background color of the faience is orange-yellow, a few are orange-red, most of them are depicted with a single black color, and the brushwork is more coarse, but soft and symmetrical. The ornamentation is dense and the subject matter is diverse:

The most representative is the figure dance pattern; animal-shaped patterns, including frog patterns, fish patterns, tadpole patterns, bird patterns, etc.; The geometric pattern has wave pattern, hanging hook pattern, swirl pattern, triangle pattern, dot pattern, gourd pattern, parallel stripe, reticulated pattern and so on. The types of utensils include bowls, pots, bowls, bottles, pots, pots, urns and spouted pots. The abdomen of the basin and bowl is shallow, and the edge of the mouth is flush or slightly curled.

Pots and bottles are more thin-necked and broad-shouldered. The pointed bottom bottle has a horn mouth, and the surface is often painted. The urn is high in mouth and is generally painted.

There is also a kind of clay painted on the upper part and a sand decorated with rope pattern on the lower part.