What are the processes of jade in the Ming Dynasty? Characteristics of jade bracelet craftsmanship i

The jade of the Ming Dynasty inherited the artistic and technological characteristics of the Song Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty, the shape is rough, mostly based on the theme of daily life, the carcass is thicker, the carving is widely used, and the plane is carved with two layers of flowers, commonly known as "embossed flowers on the flowers". The decorative lines are strong and neat, angular and informal. The jade materials of Ming Dynasty jade mainly used Hetian jade, which has a delicate and warm texture.

Song Yingxing's "Heavenly Creations" recorded the grand occasion of transporting jade materials at that time: "All jade is wrapped around the head by the other, or the river boat, or the camel, through the waves into Jiayu, and to Ganzhou and Suzhou, to the mutual market to prosper, the car into China, unloading Yanjing." The jade work distinguishes the pure, the price is high, and then the cut". The Ming Dynasty also obtained a large number of rare gems through the sea, expanding the scope of materials used in the production of gems and jade.

The ornamentation and decoration techniques of jade in the Ming Dynasty include rich animal patterns such as dragons, pythons, phoenixes, lions, tigers, deer, sheep, horses, rabbits, monkeys, cranes, geese, bullfights, flying fish, etc.; Plant motifs chrysanthemum, peony, lotus, sunflower, orchid, pomegranate flower, Ganoderma lucidum, camellia, etc.; It is prevalent to use patterns as shading or edging to decorate 10,000 characters, happy characters, longevity characters, flowing clouds, clouds, waves, etc.

There are two kinds of the most characteristic characteristics of the times: one is deeply influenced by the art of literati painting, and unprecedented poetry, calligraphy, painting and printing art has appeared on jade; The second is that the homophonic theme of Fu Rui auspicious is very popular, and there are metaphorical auspicious ornaments abound on jade. For example, a monkey on horseback means "immediately sealed marquis", and the halberd chime pattern means "auspicious".

In terms of the type of jade, there are mainly jade ritual vessels, decorative jade, stationery supplies and daily utensils. The main jade ritual vessels are jade bi and jade gui; Decorative jade has jade belt plates, belt hooks, buckles, hostas, chicken hearts, flower pieces, square jade plates, etc.; Stationery supplies include jade pens, pen holders, jade inkstones, washing, etc.; Daily utensils include jade boxes, jade cups, jade pots, and gold and jade holding pots.

In the Ming Dynasty, jade was mostly made of Xinjiang Hetian materials, among which green jade was the mainstay, white jade was secondary, and there were also a small number of jasper or black jade works, and topaz was extremely rare. The works of green jade and white jade are mostly delicate in polishing, with excellent surface gloss and quite oily, as if covered with a layer of transparent glass, commonly known as "glass light" in the jargon. The black jade works are light in color, mostly blue and gray mixed with brown spots, the brown is unevenly distributed, and the surface also has a glass luster.

Jasper in the Ming Dynasty, due to natural materials, the luster after polishing is weak, and it is mostly oily luster.

The pattern decoration of jade in the Ming Dynasty was often treated with relief carving and subtracting the yang pattern. This type of embossed pattern decoration smooths the edges and corners of the raised contour to form narrow and smooth lines, without retaining the sharp edges that appear on the contour lines after grinding. In particular, most of the sheet carvings are polished in parallel and whole, so that the convex contour edges show smooth, narrow and flat thin lines.

On three-dimensional objects, due to the inconvenience of integral polishing, local parallel polishing is used, and narrow and flat smooth lines will appear on the local edges of the pattern convexity.

Take the Hetian green jade bracelet as an example.

Hetian blue jade bracelet.

The color of the Hetian jade bracelet is relatively dark green, black when the light is low, and green can be seen when the light is sufficient.

Wearing one shows showmanship, and the two will jingle together, "There are bandit gentlemen, such as cutting, such as learning, such as grinding".

Hetian jade has always had the "five virtues", that is, the tough texture, the warm luster, the brilliant color, the dense and transparent tissue, and the sound of the soothing and far-reaching. This silver smile bracelet is made of Hetian green jade, the jade is delicate, the surface is shiny, quite oily, as if covered with a layer of transparent glass, the color is beautiful. Worn on the wrist, it shows the gentleness and elegance of women, and inadvertently reveals a touch of delicate and delicate socks between the smiles and cheeks, which also gives people a sense of elegance.

The main characteristics of jade modeling in the Ming and Qing dynasties are: it is closely related to the painting, calligraphy and craft carving at that time, and fully inherits a variety of grinding techniques and techniques of jade in the previous generation. And there is a significant development and improvement, the grinding method highlights the sense of volume, and the pursuit of fine brush painting skills.

The beauty of its jade, the variety and the wide range of applications are unprecedented. Qing Dynasty grinding method, strict requirements, rules and circles, lines such as rulers, round like a full moon, posture and corners round and smooth, whether it is the inner chamber of the utensils, side walls or marks, feet and other secondary parts are also meticulous, inside and outside are laborious, the workmanship is very exquisite, hollow is particularly important, enough to be false and real, beautiful jade color combination of various colors seamless.

Jade in the Ming and Qing dynasties has the following characteristics.

1；In the Ming Dynasty, the grain nail pattern was mostly beaten with a pipe drill sleeve, and the grain nail was larger in a horizontal and vertical row, and there were obvious traces of the sleeve around it.

2；The ears of the animal shape are mostly concave with a cone drill, and the straight tube is rarely seen. The whirlwind is fine and uneven.

3；The yin line is wide and deep, the edges are sharp, the groove marks are obvious, and the phenomenon of crossing the line and dispersing abounds.

4；The bottom is not clear, uneven, commonly known as hemp bottom.

On the whole, the decorative lines of the Ming and Qing dynasties are dominated by wide and deep yin lines, and the cross-section is V-shaped, parabolic, and the beginning and end are all peaks.

The jade style of the Ming Dynasty is diverse, the characteristics of jade in the early Ming Dynasty, the middle of the Ming Dynasty, and the late Ming Dynasty are different, the early carving process is concise and vigorous, and the middle period tends to be exquisitely complicated. In the middle and late periods, the layered carving technique appeared, which appeared exquisite and clear, and achieved a more realistic artistic effect.

The biggest feature of jade in the early Ming Dynasty is that the Song and Yuan dynasties have a strong heritage. In the early Ming Dynasty, the jade workmanship was rigorous, the shape was beautiful, and the artistic style continued the characteristics of the Yuan Dynasty. In the early Ming Dynasty, the overall style of ornamentation tended to be concise and bold, with dragons and phoenixes and flowers and birds as the main theme, flowers were good at depicting the large flowers of the whole plant, and the theme of landscape characters depicted historical stories.

The outstanding feature of jade in the middle of the Ming Dynasty is that it has a strong humanistic color. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the characteristics of jade began to get rid of the influence of the Song and Yuan dynasties and showed their own social characteristics. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, it was a prosperous era and a prosperous culture, so the jade was rich in humanistic color, and the shape was small and exquisite, which was suitable for wearing and using in the citizen stage.

In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, jade was delicate and delicate, and the floral motifs mostly used broken branches and entwined branches to form patterns, which had the characteristics of freshness and liveliness.

An important feature of jade in the late Ming Dynasty was the strong color of the Shang Dynasty. In the late Ming Dynasty, jade production gradually improved, not only the output increased, and the variety, the subject matter is more abundant, Suzhou has become the national jade processing center, and jade has gradually been commercialized, frequent transactions, participation in overseas **, so there is a phenomenon of emphasizing quantity but not quality. In the late Ming Dynasty, jade with auspicious themes was especially popular, paying attention to "meaning must be auspicious".

The style of the late Ming Dynasty tended to be elaborate and slightly trivial.