Thank you very much for the basic characteristics of cargo transportation

Basic characteristics of a contract for the carriage of goods:

1. The complexity of the subject of the contract of carriage of goods. It includes the carrier, the shipper, and the consignee.

Carrier refers to the parties that provide transportation services, including transportation enterprises and individuals. All enterprises and individuals who have obtained the qualification of transportation services can engage in cargo transportation and production activities within the approved business scope, and the basic condition for carriers to provide transportation services is that they should have the corresponding means of transportation.

A shipper is a person who provides the carriage of goods. The shipper may be a natural person, a legal person or other organization; It can be the owner of the goods, or the transporter entrusted by the owner of the goods or the custodian of the goods. The conclusion of the contract of carriage is made by the shipper to the carrier and is established after confirmation by the carrier.

Therefore, the shipper has a proactive position as the subject of the contract.

2. The particularity of the contract of carriage of goods.

The object of the contract of carriage of goods is the carrier's act of service to carry the goods, not the goods themselves. The shipper signs a contract of carriage with the carrier for the purpose of using the carrier's means of transport to transport the goods from place A to place B, and the carrier's transportation service behavior is the common goal of the rights and obligations of both parties. Therefore, it is the act of transporting labor services that is the subject matter of the contract of carriage.

3. The legality of the rights and obligations of the parties to the contract of carriage.

Most of the rights and obligations of the parties to the contract of carriage are stipulated by laws, regulations and rules, and the contract is established when both parties go through the relevant formalities in accordance with the relevant provisions. However, the parties may also amend the content of the contract in accordance with the law. The parties cannot negotiate the mandatory clauses provided for by law.

All supplementary clauses negotiated by the parties shall have legal effect. With the continuous development of the market economy, there are more and more cases in which the parties freely negotiate and conclude contracts, so the Civil Code places special emphasis on the validity of the parties' agreements.

4. The standard of the form of the contract of carriage.

The contract of carriage covers a wide range of areas, and for the sake of simplicity, countries basically adopt a standard form of contract.

1.Transportation does not produce new physical products The labor object of the logistics and transportation industry can be an entity, and only the spatial displacement of the entity is changed, which is measured in tons and kilometers of goods. Transportation participates in the production of total social goods and the creation of national income, but does not increase the total amount of social goods in kind and does not produce new physical products.

2.The service nature of transportation Logistics and transportation provide a kind of service, and the transportation industry only has the right to produce (transportation rights) to the labor object, and only changes the spatial location of the labor object, and does not have ownership of the material entity. 3.

Transportation is the continuation of the social production process in the field of circulation After the product has completed the production process, it must enter the field of consumption from the field of production, which requires transportation. Only after the completion of this process of movement can the product become a consumer product, and transportation and circulation are closely linked, and it is the continuation of the social production process in the field of circulation. 4.

Transport production and transport consumption are the same process 5Transportation has the characteristics of a "network-based industry" 6The capital structure of transportation has its particularity The proportion of fixed capital in transportation is large, the proportion of circulating capital is small, and the turnover rate of capital is relatively slow.

The characteristics of the transport are:

1. Transportation production is completed in the process of circulation

Transportation is the activity of transporting products from the place of production to the place of consumption, so from the perspective of the whole social production process, transportation is a production process that continues in the field of circulation and is completed in it.

2. The transportation product is intangible:

Transport production does not change the physical and chemical properties and forms of the objects of labor as in industrial and agricultural production, but only changes the spatial position of the objects of labor, and does not create new products in the form of physical forms. Therefore, in the case of meeting the transportation needs of society, excess transportation products or transportation expenditures are a waste.

3. Transportation products belong to production and consumption at the same time

The production and consumption of industrial and agricultural products can be completely separated in time and space, while the production and consumption of transportation products are inseparably combined in time and space, and belong to production and consumption at the same time.

The role of transportation:

The transportation of goods has the effect of preserving value. That is to say, any product from production to final consumption, must go through a period of time, a distance, in this period of time and distance process, must go through transportation, storage, packaging, loading and unloading and other multi-link, multi-time cargo transportation activities. In this process, the product may be exposed to rain, moisture, flooding, rust, damage, loss, etc.

The mission of cargo transportation is to prevent the occurrence of the above phenomena, ensure the quality and quantity of products in the process of moving from producers to consumers, and play a role in maintaining the value of products, that is, to protect the existence value of products, so that the use value of the products remains unchanged when they reach consumers.

Answers]: a, c, d, e

This question examines the basic characteristics of the transportation market. The basic characteristics of the transportation market include: (1) the transportation market is an important part of the entire social market system; (2) the synchronicity of production, exchange and consumption of spring cracked products in transportation; (3) the non-fixed nature of the transportation market; (4) the diversity and dispersion of transportation demand; (5) Diversification of transportation supply.

6) Volatility in the transportation market.

The transportation market is an important part of the overall market system. Due to the particularity of the transportation production process, the transportation demand process and the transportation products, the transportation market not only has the commonality of the general market, but also has the particularity of being different from other product markets. The basic characteristics of the transportation market can be summarized as follows:

1. The transportation market is an important part of the entire social market system.

2. The synchronization of production, exchange and consumption of transportation products.

3. The non-fixed nature of the transportation market. There are no tangible products in the transportation market, and there are no fixed places and areas for commodities like other industrial and agricultural product markets.

4. Diversity of transportation needs.

5. Dispersion of transportation supply.

Dynamic (maximum speed, acceleration time of 100 km/h, maximum climbing) safety (active safety and passive safety, passive completely refers to collision safety, active safety is some electronic equipment, such as the distance of the vehicle in front, ESP, etc.).

Economy (fuel consumption per 100 km).

Braking performance (braking distance of 100 km, braking stability, etc.).

Steering Performance**Directional response, steering force, etc.).

Large-scale, specialized, high-speed, networked.

The transportation industry has three characteristics: production characteristics, service characteristics, and infrastructure characteristics.

The transportation industry not only has the commonality of physical production, but also has the characteristics that distinguish it from general material production, so it is considered that the transportation industry is a continuation of the production process in the process of circulation, and belongs to the field of material production.

The service characteristics of the transportation industry are based on the theory of three industries, that is, the transportation industry is included in the tertiary industry and has obvious service characteristics.

The transportation industry, which is based on roads, railways, waterways and various passenger and freight hubs, as well as the means of transport such as bicycles, trains, ships and airplanes, is the premise of supporting a country's economy and determining the level of economic vitality of the country, and the economic development of any country and region is based on safe and efficient transportation.

Answer]: a, b, c

The transportation products have three-dimensional characteristics, that is, spatiality, temporality, and the number of travel letters: The spatial characteristics of the transportation products reflect that the completion of the transportation products should overcome the spatial obstacles and overcome the distance factor; The time characteristic reflects the time cost to be paid to complete the displacement; The quantity characteristics reflect the quantity and scale of the product.

1.Railage.

Advantages: large transportation capacity; Low shipping costs; It is limited by natural conditions and has strong continuity; High accuracy of transit time; Balanced, safe and reliable transportation; Low energy consumption and low pollution.

Disadvantages: large initial construction investment; High wear and tear; Occupies a lot of land. Railway transportation is suitable for transporting medium and long-distance, large-volume, time-sensitive and high-reliability general cargo nuclear chain return and special cargo in inland areas.

2.Road transport.

Advantages: flexible and adaptable; Fast speed for short-distance transportation; It is limited by terrain and climatic conditions. Road transport is suitable for short-distance passenger and freight transport, and can also be combined with other modes of transport for combined transport.

Disadvantages: small transportation capacity; high energy consumption and serious air pollution; high shipping costs; occupies a large area; Poor security.

3.Water transport.

Advantages: large transportation capacity; The infrastructure investment is small and the land occupied is small; Low energy consumption and low pollution. Low shipping costs; It is suitable for transportation with long transportation distance, large volume, low timeliness and low freight bearing capacity.

Disadvantages: slow shipping speed; It is greatly affected by natural conditions and has poor continuity.

4.Air.

Advantages: fast shipping speed; Good maneuverability. It is suitable for long-distance passenger transportation and transportation of small and high-value materials, as well as fresh products and mail.

Disadvantages: high cost of aircraft and high energy consumption; The transportation capacity is small, the cost is high, and the technology is complex.

5.Pipeline transportation.

Advantages: large transportation volume; The amount of transportation engineering is small and the area is small; Low energy consumption; Safe and reliable, pollution-free, low cost; It is not affected by the climate, can be transported around the clock, and the reliability of the delivered goods is high; Pipelines can take shortcuts, and the transportation distance is short; It can achieve closed, continuous transportation with low energy consumption. Pipeline transportation is suitable for transporting oil, natural gas and other materials from collagen distance.

Disadvantages: strong specificity, can only transport oil, natural gas and solid slurry (such as coal, etc.); The amplitude between the pipeline volume and the maximum transportation volume is small; The route is generally fixed, and the one-time investment in pipeline facilities is also large.