What are the causes of poor soil permeability and low organic matter content? What should I do?

Nowadays, in agricultural production, farmers only attach great importance to the application of chemical fertilizers, ignoring the application of organic fertilizers. Organic fertilizer is also anxious now, the price has risen, and it is difficult to buyThe soil layer has been used by chemical fertilizers for a long time, which has made a lump and the organic matter has decreased sharply. The organic fertilizer fertility of the farmhouse is slow, and the actual effect of the immediate effect can not be achieved, and the farmers feel that the organic fertilizer is not as good as the chemical fertilizer, and most of them give up the application of organic fertilizer in the farmhouse in agricultural production.

In addition, farmers are not scientific and reasonable in the application of chemical fertilizers, blindly follow the trend of fertilization, and do not test the soil formula for fertilization. The long-term indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers has long made some soil layers unable to grow fruits and vegetables. In the early years, I heard that some vegetable and fruit greenhouses cucumbers are not easy to appear melons, tomatoes do not bloom and bear fruit, and after the inspection of agricultural technicians, it is the indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers, resulting in soil degradation and soil fertility plummeting.

In agricultural production, we should attach great importance to the application of organic fertilizer, grain crop straw crushing and alcohol returned to the field, grain crop scraps, peanut bran, wine trough are all organic fertilizer, the organic matter content of the Tanghe mud is rich and colorful, can be used as organic fertilizer. Plant green manure crops, implement "fallow rotation", and improve land resources such as humic acid and organic matter. The company should produce more organic fertilizer and provide organic fertilizer for agriculture and animal husbandry.

Soil testing and formula fertilization are used in agricultural production and operation, and the demand for chemical fertilizer is manipulated and the demand for chemical fertilizer is applied, so as to complete the zero growth of chemical fertilizer and chemical fertilizer application in agricultural production. In the specific production, the current stage of management, the vast majority of all with the traditional fertilizer and top application management methods, whether it is chemical fertilizer or organic fertilizer, due to insufficient water, fertility is not able to dilute the solution to melt and convert into the soil, time accumulation, all kinds of chemical fertilizer shoddy filler, residue in the soil layer, drag resulting in soil degradation alkalinization, resulting in soil permeability decline.

Note: There are some fake and shoddy organic fertilizers, mixed with many unqualified fillers. It is necessary to change the traditional management mode of teaching fertilizer and top dressing, and implement the integrated management mode of water and fertilizer, which will melt the chemical fertilizer according to the dilution, and dig out the fake and inferior filler, so as to improve the utilization rate and concentration value and purity.

Change to the traditional compost fermentation organic fertilizer method, and choose to make organic fertilizer into mortar or liquid organic fertilizer to improve the fertility and utilization rate of organic fertilizer.

In order to better pursue perfection, high yield and high quality, more farmers have the original idea of using more chemical fertilizers, vegetables and fruits will grow faster, using a lot of nutrients and chemical fertilizers, while ignoring the use of organic fertilizers and medium and trace elements. Vegetables and fruits must digest and absorb zinc, boron, molybdenum and other nutrients in the soil in the process of growth and development, and only blindly apply basic chemical fertilizers, but do not immediately fill in this nutrient element, resulting in lower and lower content of trace elements and organic matter. Solution:

The solution is to use less chemical fertilizers, more microbial fertilizers, organic fertilizers, such as cow manure after manure, sheep manure, etc., to gradually improve the soil, improve soil permeability, improve the organic matter content in it, and the quality of the soil environment will of course get better and better.

The reasons for poor air permeability and low organic matter content are the pursuit of efficiency, large amount of fertilizer, flood irrigation, and soil pollution by solid waste. The solution is to increase the application of organic fertilizer and medium and trace elements, and spray the foliar fertilizer with multiple trace elements that can move freely. Deep ploughing of the soil, crop rotation, reuse plastic film, used plastic film as much as possible, do not remain in the soil.

The problems in soil and fertilizer are mainly concentrated in the following four aspects:

First, the soil is very poorly permeable;

second, the content of soil organic matter is insufficient;

Third, soil salinization is becoming more and more serious;

Fourth, a large number of biological fertilizers are used, but the effect is not good.

How can we overcome these problems and improve soil air permeability?

First, reducing the amount of chemical fertilizer and controlling the total salt content in the soil below the gram kilogram can effectively alleviate soil compaction.

Second, the soil is turned deep and the tillage layer is deepened to enhance the cushioning and air permeability of the tillage layer. Vegetable roots are generally distributed in the soil layer of 25-30 cm, while the ordinary rotary tiller can only turn the ground 12-15 cm, vegetable farmers can use a shovel to turn the ground again after the rotary tiller, and deepen the bottom layer of the plough to 25-30 cm, so as to increase the depth of the tillage layer and increase the air content in the soil. Of course, it is best for vegetable farmers to carry out deep ploughing every 3 years, with a thickness of 30-50 cm, to break the original plough bottom layer and promote the deep rooting of vegetable roots.

It may be that too much fertilizer was applied during tillage in the previous year, and no ploughing has been carried out for many years, too much watering during the tillage process makes the water unable to be discharged, and too much organic fertilizer for food will make the land unable to integrate well, and the mulch film is close to the surface and the air is not circulated; When fertilizing, it must be a small amount many times, and pay attention to the concentration, watering according to the needs of the plant, not flood irrigation with large water.

Loose or dense soil will affect the water retention and permeability of the soil, thus affecting the growth of crops.

The soil is too loose to retain water, and it is not conducive to the growth of crop roots, and it is easy to lodging.

If the soil is too compact, it is easy to cause soil compaction and malnutrition of plants.

In this way, the organic matter content of the soil must be increased, which will activate the soil, improve the soil quality, and increase the yield.

The main influencing factors and regulatory methods are as follows:

1. The state of organic residues: Generally speaking, animal and plant residues with more water content decompose faster than dry animal and plant residues; Smaller debris decomposes faster than larger debrassment.

2. Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of organic residues: In the process of microbial life activities, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of organic matter is 25:1.

If the ratio of carbon to nitrogen in organic residues is less than 25:1, due to the high content of nitrogen, it not only decomposes quickly, but also converts excess organic nitrogen into inorganic nitrogen and leaves it in the soil for plant use. If the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of organic residues is greater than 25:

1. Due to the lack of carbon and nitrogen, the nitrogen required by microorganisms is insufficient, resulting in a decrease in vitality, so the decomposition rate will decrease.

3. Ash element content of organic matter: The high content of ash elements indicates that the nutrients are abundant, and it is also easy to neutralize the acids produced during the decomposition of organic matter, which is more conducive to the transformation of organic matter.

4. Temperature: Under normal circumstances, the suitable living temperature for microorganisms in the soil is 25-35. Temperatures above 45 will inhibit microorganisms; When the temperature is between 0 and 35, the decomposition rate of organic residues can be accelerated as the temperature increases.

5. Humidity and air permeability: In general, the soil has good air permeability, and the soil moisture content is 60-80% of the soil field water holding capacity, which is suitable for microbial decomposition of organic residues.

If the soil moisture is too high, it will clog the pores between the soils, resulting in a lack of oxygen, and the decomposition rate is slow, the decomposition is incomplete, and it is easy to produce organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid.

6. pH: The appropriate pH value depends on the type of microorganisms in the soil. The appropriate pH for most bacteria is; The suitable pH value of actinomycetes is alkaline; The suitable pH of the fungus is acidic (suitable pH between 3 and 6).

Principle of regulation of soil organic matter.

The mass fraction of humus is an important indicator of soil fertility. Within a certain range of organic matter content, soil fertility increased with the increase of organic matter content, and crop yield also increased with the increase of organic matter content, but the more soil organic matter was not better, and this correlation was not obvious when it exceeded a certain range. For example, the high organic matter mass fraction of some low-humidity paddy soils is caused by the slow decomposition of the soil due to excessive moisture, which is a sign that the soil needs to be improved.

The main measures to increase the organic matter in the soil are: on the one hand, it is necessary to increase the organic matter of the soil; On the other hand, it is necessary to understand the factors affecting the accumulation and decomposition of organic matter, so as to regulate the accumulation and decomposition process of organic matter, so that the accumulation and consumption of soil organic matter can reach a dynamic equilibrium.

Regulates the rate of decomposition of soil organic matter.

Soil organic matter plays a multifaceted and important role in soil fertility and plant nutrition. It mainly includes the following aspects:

1. Provide various nutrients needed by crops.

2. Enhance the water and fertilizer retention capacity and buffering capacity of the soil.

The decomposition rate of soil organic matter is closely related to the microbial activity of soil Qili, so we can control the factors affecting microbial activity to achieve the purpose of regulating the decomposition rate of soil organic matter. The main aspects of the regulatory pathway are as follows:

1.Regulates soil water, air and heat conditions, and controls the transformation of organic matter.

The hydrothermal state of soil water vapor affects the direction and speed of organic matter transformation. In production, irrigation and drainage, tillage and other measures are often used to improve soil water, air and heat conditions, so as to promote or regulate the transformation of soil organic matter.

2.Rational tillage and crop rotation.

Reasonable tillage rotation can not only regulate the type, quantity and distribution of organic matter entering the soil at different depths, but also regulate the water, gas and heat conditions for the transformation of organic matter. It is often a powerful measure to maintain and increase the quality and quantity of soil organic matter. The good grain and fertilizer rotation and water-drought rotation system formed by the Chinese people in the practice of permanent production are all good agricultural cultivation measures for using land to cultivate land, which is not only conducive to giving full play to soil fertility, but also improves the organic matter quality fraction and fertilizes the soil.

3.Adjust the carbon to nitrogen ratio and soil pH.

According to the composition of organic matter, adjust its carbon and nitrogen ratio to regulate the mineralization and humification process of soil organic matter. When applying organic fertilizer with large carbon and nitrogen ratio, some well-rotted organic fertilizer and chemical nitrogen fertilizer with high nitrogen content can be appropriately added at the same time, and the transformation of organic matter can be accelerated by reducing the carbon and nitrogen ratio. Soil microorganisms are generally suitable for living in the neutral to slightly alkaline range, and the soil acidity and alkalinity can be improved to enhance the activity of microorganisms and improve the conditions for soil organic matter transformation.

Where there is a lot of precipitation but a high temperature, there is just as little accumulation of organic matter. For example, the land in the Amazon is also low in organic matter, because the high temperature and rainfall produce a leaching effect, and the organic matter will dissolve in the water and be carried away by the water flow. So the organic matter content is less.

As for why there is less accumulation of organic matter in places with high temperatures and aridness. The reason is very simple, there is little organic matter. High temperature and drought hail places are often sparse vegetation and sparse animals, and organic matter is mainly in the decay and decomposition of the bodies of animals and plants.

Land degradation is one of the world's problems. Moreover, due to the combined effect of various factors such as rapid population growth, environmental damage, ecological crisis, and serious irrational use of land, the process of land degradation is accelerating and aggravating.

Ecological destruction, pollutant accumulation, organic fertilizer reduction, land degradation, soil pollution, global warming, soil erosion, land desertification, soil salinization, soil latent and secondary latent cultivation, soil hemorrhoids, soil pollution, etc.

Good soil aeration is essential for crops to absorb large amounts of water, and poor soil aeration can affect microbial activity. The amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the soil has an impact on the root system of fruit trees, and the lack of oxygen can hinder the growth of fruit tree roots and even cause root rot. Soil aeration also affects the availability of soil nutrients, the activity and accumulation of harmful substances.

1. How soil aeration affects nutrient availability

1. Soil aeration is an important condition for crops to absorb water, if the soil aeration is poor, it will affect microbial activities, reduce the decomposition rate of organic matter and the effectiveness of nutrients. It also causes the decomposition of organic matter in the soil to form hydrogen, causing a chemical reduction reaction.

2. Aeration has some influence on root growth, and when the oxygen in the soil is insufficient, it will hinder the root growth of fruit trees, and may also cause root rot. Different fruit trees have different oxygen requirements, for example, the root system of apple trees can only grow normally when the oxygen concentration is 12%-15%.

3. Soil aeration will have some impact on microbial activities and various biological and chemical processes in the soil, which will also infect the availability of soil nutrients, the activity and accumulation of harmful substances. For example, in the soil of an orchard that is heavy in clay, compacted or flooded for a long time, it is easy to form elements such as hydrogen sulfide, reduced iron, and organic acids that poison the root system of fruit trees.

2. What is the effect of soil aeration on soil fertility?

1. The quality of soil aeration performance will directly affect the utilization of soil fertility, thereby affecting the growth of crops. When the soil is poorly aerated, the oxygen in the soil will be insufficient, which will inhibit the respiration of the crop roots, and thus weaken the ability of the roots to absorb water and fertilizer.

2. Soil permeability is also related to water, which is one of the main factors affecting soil fertility. In soil systems, water has two sides: without water, plants can't absorb nutrients; When there is too much water, it will lead to poor soil aeration and insufficient oxygen, which will affect the growth and development of plants.

3. If there is less oxygen in the soil and more carbon dioxide, the soil acidity will increase, and then the pathogenic mold will develop rapidly and cause the crop to be infected with pests and diseases, so good aeration is an indispensable condition for the crop to absorb nutrients.