What are the ingredients of the vaccine? How does it work?

Vaccines are antigenic preparations used to prevent infectious diseases. In a broad sense, vaccines include two types of biological products, vaccines and vaccines, and vaccines in a narrow sense are only viruses, rickettsia.

or biological vaccines made of microorganisms such as spirochetes, which can be divided into live vaccines and dead vaccines.

Two categories. Today we are going to find out what the ingredients of the vaccine are and how it works.

Different vaccines contain different ingredients. Here we can give some examples, such as mumps.

Live attenuated vaccines. Its active ingredient is live attenuated mumps virus. Its excipients are gelatin.

Sucrose, a human blood protein. Residues of non-target components are bovine serum protein, antibiotics. The main component of the live attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine is the live attenuated Japanese encephalitis virus.

Although we have only given two examples, those who observe carefully will find out. Vaccines are live, attenuated viruses. Why? Let's say we usually get a common flu.

**Risk. Humoral immunity occurs in our human body.

In the process of humoral immunity, the body secretes antibodies. Antibodies fight the virus, when the antibody defeats the virus. Humans don't get sick.

And some of the antibodies will be memory of the antibodies that remain in the human body. When the same virus invades a person's body for the second time. The antibodies in our body will then differentiate again.

Keep fighting the virus.

Influenza viruses are highly contagious, so we should take more precautions. Through constant research, intelligent humans have made artificial vaccines. We first refine the virus and inactivate it, without the toxicity of physical harm.

It is then injected into the person's body. It causes people to produce an immune response, and while producing an immune response, our memory antibodies are also retained in the human body. In this way, when the virus really invades our body, the corresponding virus that remains in the human body will act and resist the virus.

For example, the new crown vaccine developed in my country.

One shot is given with an adenovirus vector vaccine, and two shots are given with an inactivated vaccine.

The three shots are recombinant protein vaccines.

There are countless mysteries of vaccines that we need to explore, and I hope that everyone can actively vaccinate to prevent the virus.

That's all for me.

In general, there are some antiviral antibodies inside, containing solvent adjuvants, preservatives and other protective materials, and some antibiotics or viral proteins are inside. It has some antibodies or virus proteins in it, so that it can bind to some antibodies in the body, have a memory, and when infected with this virus, it can react very quickly.

The vaccine is made up of inactivated attenuated microorganisms. When the vaccine enters the body, the body produces an immune response and then antibodies.

Preservatives, solvents, excipients, adjuvants, and protective agents play a role in improving immunity by strengthening the activity of cells, and can distinguish the appearance of the virus under different conditions, and then fight back.

The main components of the vaccine include antigens, adjuvants, preservatives, stabilizers, inactivators and other active ingredients. The immune function and immunogenicity of the antigen components of the vaccine should be maintained for a long time and have good stability, and the fewer adverse reactions of the vaccine and its compatibility agents after use, the better.

among othersAntigens are the most important active components of vaccines, which is the specific immunogenicity substance that determines the vaccine. The antigen should be effective in stimulating the body's immune response, including humoral immunity and/or cellular immunity, the production of protective antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes, and finally the production of protective immunity against specific antigens. Antigens with strong immunogenicity include various proteins, polysaccharides, etc., while lipids are poor.

Some antigens with weak immunogenicity can be used in combination with adjuvants to enhance the immune response.

Adjuvants can enhance the specific immune response of antigens, enhance antibody responses, enhance mucosal transmission of vaccines, enhance immune contact and enhance the immunogenicity of antigens.

The use of adjuvants can greatly improve the ability of antigens to cause immune responses (i.e., immunogenicity), save the amount of antigens, and reduce the cost of production while improving the immune effect of vaccines.

According to the different components of adjuvants, they can be divided into inorganic compound adjuvants (aluminum, etc.), synthetic adjuvants (CPG, cytokines, etc.) and biological adjuvants (such as vegetable oil, BCG and other plant and bacterial components) and other different types.

Preservatives are used to prevent contamination by foreign microorganisms. In order to avoid the reproduction of trace amounts of contaminated bacteria during the storage period, appropriate preservatives are added to the general liquid vaccine. Most inactivated vaccines use preservatives such as thimerosal, 2-phenoxyethanol, nitrogen form, etc.

Moreover, in order to ensure the survival and immunogenicity of viruses or other microorganisms as antigens, appropriate stabilizers or protective agents are often added to vaccines, such as lactose, gelatin, sorbitol, etc., which are commonly used in lyophilized vaccines.

In addition to physical methods such as heating and ultraviolet irradiation, chemical methods are also commonly used to inactivate viral or bacterial antigens. Commonly used chemical inactivation reagents include acetone, phenol, formaldehyde, etc., which have a certain toxic effect on the human body, so they must be removed from the vaccine in time after inactivating the antigen and strictly tested to ensure the safety of the vaccine.

Vaccines are prepared with inactive ingredients such as buffers and salts. The type of buffer and the amount of salts can affect the efficacy, purity and safety of the vaccine, so there are strict quality standards.

Generally, vaccines are introduced into the body by subcutaneous and intramuscular injections, and must be formulated into a liquid with solvents and emulsifiers before they can be administered.

In addition, in the production process of vaccines, it is inevitable that a certain amount of production raw materials, intermediate products or degraded metabolites, that is, impurities, will be mixed. Although impurities are not deliberately added by people, their appearance in vaccines is difficult to completely avoid, and can only be controlled in a certain way to minimize the content of impurities and reduce the occurrence of adverse reactions.

What are the main components of a vaccine? I don't know, because the ingredients of the vaccine will not be disclosed, and I won't let you know, because we must protect honey, not honey, this is China's principle, and it is also correct.

Friend, the answer to your question is as follows:

The most abundant components in the vaccine are, of course, antigens used to induce the body to produce corresponding antibodies, that is, various attenuated or inactivated viruses, bacteria, toxoids, etc., such as the live attenuated measles virus in measles vaccine. In addition, there are other ingredients in the vaccine: diluting the vaccine to the appropriate concentration of saline or distilled water; chemical adjuvants that enhance vaccine immunity, usually various aluminum-containing salts such as aluminum hydroxide; Stabilizers such as gelatin and sorbitol to ensure the safety and efficacy of vaccines under different conditions and temperatures; Preservatives that prevent the growth of bacteria, such as 2-phenoxyethanol, etc.

The components of the vaccine are all toxic chemicals, so a person who is not sick will be vaccinated will harm the body's righteousness, which is now called immunity, and if the body is not good, the child will have a fever, and many children with leukemia will be vaccinated, and they will start to have a fever, and then they will be tested for leukemia.

Different vaccines have different ingredients, so what kind of vaccine do you ask?

Hello, the composition of the vaccine varies according to the type of vaccine, the common ones are aluminum, formaldehyde, phenol, antibiotics, ethylene glycol, inactivated bacteria active virus, etc., and some are unique ingredients, such as polio sugar pill vaccine, which is made of magnesium chloride, cream, milk powder, glucose, etc. Vaccine classification: I don't know what classification you are talking about? According to the national immunization programme, it is divided into categories 1 and 2, the first category is free of charge, and the second category is voluntary self-paid vaccination.

For proteins and sugars, just choose A.

As can be seen from the title, the injection of DNA vaccines into the cells of the body expresses the corresponding antigen to induce the body to produce an immune response, and at the same time activates the cells with killing effect in the body, and the immune response produced is both specific immunity (cellular immunity, humoral immunity) and non-specific immunity Therefore, a After receiving a DNA vaccine, the immune response produced by the body is mainly a humoral immune process Description error b The use of cloning technology can produce DNA vaccines in large quantities, so the cost is lower The description is correct The essence of DNA vaccines is the genes that code for proteins, and after entering the body, antigens must go through the process of transcription and translation, and the energy consumed in this process is provided by mitochondria, and the place of translation is ribosomes Therefore, c The expression process of the corresponding antigen must have ribosomes, mitochondria and other organelles involved Description is correct The DNA vaccine combines with the carrier to form a recombinant plasmid, which must be cut with the same restriction enzyme to obtain the same sticky end, and then connected with DNA ligase So, d The recombination of antigen gene and carrier requires tools such as DNA ligase and restriction enzyme Correct description Therefore: the answer should be A

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