What are the types of penicillins and what are the types of penicillins?

Clause. 1. Broad-spectrum oral penicillins, such as ampicillin and amoxicillin, or oral penicillin plus an enzyme inhibitor, such as amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium.

Clause. 2. Intravenous administration of penicillins, targeting gram-positive cocci, such as oxacillin, flucloxacillin, dicloxacillin, etc., which mainly deal with gram-positive cocci.

Clause. 3. Penicillin drugs are used to deal with gram-negative bacilli, such as meloxillin, flucloxacillin, carbenicillin, etc.

Because these penicillin drugs target different antibacterial spectrums and the possible pathogenic bacteria of infection are different, it takes a very experienced doctor to judge what kind of bacterial infection is and what kind of penicillin drugs to choose.

Penicillin antibiotics are lactam antibiotics that contain lactam rings in their chemical structure. It can be prepared by fermentation broth extraction or semi-synthetic method. Since the first application of penicillin in the early 40s of the 20th century to the successful development of semi-synthetic penicillin, this type of antibiotic has been in an important position in clinical practice.

According to its characteristics, it can be divided into:

1) The narrow-spectrum penicillins that are mainly resistant to Gram-positive bacteria include penicillin G (for injection), penicillin V (for oral use), etc. Related varieties include procaine, penicillin, benzathine penicillin.

2) Penicillinase-resistant penicillins include oxacillin, chloracillin, methicillin, etc.

3) Broad-spectrum penicillin includes ampicillin, hetamicillin, amoxicillin, etc.

4) Broad-spectrum penicillins that are active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa include carbenicillin, ticarcillin, etc.

5) Penicillins that mainly act on gram-negative bacteria include mexicillin, pimecillin, temoxicillin, etc.

Commonly used penicillin veterinary drugs mainly include penicillin, procaine penicillin, benzathine penicillin, oxazopenicillin, chlorazole penicillin, ampicillin, etc.

This class of drugs includes the following four classes:

1.Natural penicillins, including penicillin G and penicillin V, are mainly used by gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative cocci, and certain gram-negative bacilli such as Haemophilus spp.

2.Aminopenicillins, including ampicillin, amoxicillin, baacillin, piamacillin, etc. This group is mainly used for penicillin-susceptible Gram-positive bacteria and some Gram-negative bacilli such as Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella, Shigella and Influenza bacilli.

3.Anti-staphylococcal penicillins, including this class of drugs including cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, oxacillin, flucloxacillin, methicillin, nafcillin, etc., this group of penicillins also has a good effect on lactamase-producing staphylococci spp.

4.Anti-pseudomonas penicillins, including carbenicillin, meloxicillin, piperacillin, ticarcillin, etc., the effect of this group of drugs on grass-orchid positive bacteria is worse than that of natural penicillin or aminopenicillin, but it has antibacterial activity against some gram-negative bacilli including Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

There are three main mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance to penicillins:

1.Bacteria produce lactamases, which inactivate penicillin hydrolysis;

2.Changes in penicillin-binding proteins, the target site of penicillin in bacteria;

3.Cell wall permeability to penicillins is reduced. The first mechanism is the most common and important.

According to the regulations of the Ministry of Health of China, penicillin ** test is required before the use of penicillin antibiotics, and positive reactions are prohibited.

Penicillin V potassium tablets).

The types of penicillin basically include 4 kinds, the first is natural penicillin, such as penicillin g, etc., these drugs are mainly used for the Gram bacillus, which has a better effect, and then there is aminopenicillin, such as amoxicillin and other common drugs, this class of drugs is mainly ** Escherichia coli bovine bacillus, etc., and then anti-staphylococcal penicillin, the more common is oxacillin, the last category is antipseudomonas penicillin, the common drug is meloxicillin, It should be noted that a skin test should be performed before penicillin is used.

- Lactam antibiotics, macrolide antibiotics, tetracycline antibiotics, polyether antibiotics.

Penicillin is an important class of -lactam antibiotics. There are natural penicillins and semi-synthetic penicillins, which can be divided into the following categories according to their preparation and antibacterial properties.

1) Penicillin: Extracted from fermentation broth, it is the earliest class of natural penicillin, and the commonly used ones are penicillin G and penicillin V. Penicillin G is applied with its different salts, such as sodium salt, potassium salt, procaine penicillin, benzathine penicillin (long-acting penicillin); Penicillin V, which is a potassium salt, is available orally.

2) Staphylococcal penicillin-resistant: This type used to be called enzyme-resistant penicillin or neopenicillin. Due to the widespread use of penicillin, some bacteria, especially Staphylococcus aureus are prone to penicillin resistance, and a class of penicillins resistant to Staphylococcus aureus - lactamase was prepared by semi-synthetic methods, and the commonly used varieties of this kind of penicillin are oxacillin (neocyan, oxazole penicillin sodium), nafcillin (neocyan), cloxacillin (o-chlorpenicillin sodium), flucloxacillin, etc.

3) Ampicillin: The effect of this type of gram-positive bacteria is similar to that of penicillin G, and its characteristic is stronger than penicillin G for gram-negative bacteria. Commonly used varieties are ampicillin (ampicillin). and amoxicillin (ampicillin) available for oral administration.

4) Anti-Pseudomonas penicillin: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogenic bacterium, which is susceptible to infection with burns and exposed sores, and is often co-infected with other pyogenic bacteria. Other penicillins have almost no antibacterial effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and only this type of penicillin is effective, so it is called antipseudomonal penicillin.

Commonly used varieties are carbenicillin (carbenicillin), piperacillin (oxypiperazine penicillin), sulfonicillin (sulfonicillin sodium), fubenzicillin (fubinicillin), ticarcillin (carboxythienylpenicillin), etc.

In addition, there are Motrin (amimidine penicillin), ester pimecillin, which is characterized by weak effect on gram-positive bacteria and strong effect on gram-negative bacteria, and is often used for simple or complex urinary tract infections caused by negative bacilli.

According to its characteristics, it can be divided into:

Penicillin G class: such as penicillin G potassium, penicillin G sodium, long-acting citrin, etc.

Penicillin class V: (alias: phenoxymethylpenicillin, 6-phenoxyacetamide penicillic acid) such as penicillin V potassium (including a variety of dosage forms).

Enzyme-resistant penicillin: such as oxazole penicillin (new green), chlorazole penicillin, etc.

Broad-spectrum penicillins: such as ampicillin, hydroxyampicillin, etc.

Broad-spectrum penicillins against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: such as carbenicillin, oxypiperazine penicillin, fubenzylpenicillin, etc.

Azaimibillin: such as mecillin and its ester pimecillin, which is characterized by being more resistant to enzymes, effective against some negative bacilli (such as the large intestine, Klebsiella, and Salmonella), but less effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Answer: Acid-resistant penicillin, characterized by resistance to gastric acid, good oral absorption; Enzyme-resistant penicillin, characterized by acid resistance, lactamase resistance, but the antibacterial effect is not as good as penicillin G; Broad-spectrum penicillin, characterized by a wide antibacterial spectrum, has bactericidal effect on both G and G, and the efficacy is comparable to that of penicillin G, but it is not enzyme resistant; Anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa broad-spectrum penicillins, characterized by a specific effect on G bacilli, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Commonly used are penicillin G, penicillin V, methicillin (neocyanic I), ampicillin (ampicillin), amoxicillin (ampicillin), ticarcillin (carboxythiophenepenicillin), piperacillin (oxypiperazine penicillin), etc. It is suitable for respiratory tract, soft tissue, genitourinary tract infections, etc. The main advantages of penicillin drugs are strong bactericidal effect, less toxicity, safe use for pregnant women and children, and do not affect liver function.

However, it should be noted that the main adverse reactions are anaphylaxis, including atopic dermatitis. Serum sickness, rash, contact dermatitis, etc. Patients with severe renal impairment should use with caution.

Penicillin drugs are a big family, and there are too many drugs to talk about. I'll tell you everything I know, and please help me add to the incomplete parts.

Penicillin V potassium tablets, penicillin, penicillin, penicillin sodium, benzylpenicillin sodium, penicillin potassium, benzylpenicillin potassium, penicillin G potassium, penicillin G sodium, long-acting xilline, oxazole penicillin (new green), chlorzolpenicillin, ampicillin, ampicillin, oxyampicillin, carbenicillin, oxypiperazine penicillin, fubenzylpenicillin, mexicillin, ester pimecillin, thiomycin, nocaramycin, methoxybenzenicillin, carbenicillin, ampicillin.

Cephalosporins, amoxicillin. Wait a minute.

Penicillin belongs to the class of lactams and is divided into.

1. Narrow-spectrum penicillin (penicillin g penicillin v).

2. Enzyme-resistant penicillin (methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin, chloracillin, flucloxacillin) 3, broad-spectrum penicillin (ampicillin, amoxili, hetamicillin, metancillin) 4, anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa broad-spectrum mycin (carbenicillin, piperacillin, sulfonbenzicillin) 5, anti-gram-negative bacteria penicillin (mexicillin, temoxicillin).

1. Natural penicillin and its salts: penicillin, penicillin V, benzathine penicillin 2, penicillinase-resistant penicillin: methicillin, cloxacillin, oxacillin, dicloxacillin, flucloxacillin.

3. Aminopenicillin: ampicillin, sultamicillin, piamacillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin, clavulanate potassium, amicillin.

4. Anti-pseudomonobillin penicillin: carbenicillin, apacillin, ticarcillin, ticarcillin, clavulanate potassium, piperacillin, piperacillin, sulbactam, piperacillin sodium, tazobactam sodium, meloxicillin, meloxicillin sodium, sulbactam sodium, aloxicillin.

5. Anti-negative bacilli penicillin: mexicillin, pimmecillin.

Penicillin antibiotics are the umbrella term for a large group of antibiotics in the class of lactamides.

Penicillin is a kind of antibiotic, which refers to a class of antibiotics that contains penicillane in the molecule that is upgraded from the culture medium of Penicillium, which can destroy the cell wall of bacteria and play a bactericidal role in the reproduction period of bacterial cells.

Penicillin is suitable for infections caused by gram-positive cocci such as hemolytic streptococcus and pneumococcus susceptible to penicillin (no penicillinase), Staphylococcus aureus, including sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, scarlet fever, erysipelas, etc. It can also be used for ** grass green streptococcus and enterococci endocarditis, as well as tetanus, gas gangrene, anthrax, diphtheria, meningococcal meningitis, rat bite fever, syphilis, gonorrhea, relapsing fever, leptospirosis, actinomycosis, etc. Penicillin can also be used to prevent endocarditis and other diseases in patients with rheumatic heart disease or congenital heart disease when certain operations or surgeries are performed.

According to the size of the antimicrobial spectrum, it can be classified as follows:

1.Narrow-spectrum penicillins: penicillin, benzathine penicillin, penicillin G, penicillin V, procaine penicillin, methoxybenzicillin, dicloxacillin, flucloxacillin, cloxacillin (the first four of which are unstable to bacteria-lactamase).

2.Medium-spectrum penicillins: amoxicillin, ampicillin.

3.Broad-spectrum and ultra-extended-spectrum penicillins: compound amoxicillin, meloxicillin, aloxicillin, piperacillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, nafcillin.

4.Penicillin antibiotics with the broadest spectrum of antibacterial: imipenem (Tyenol), meropenem, and panipenem.