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Anonymous users2024-02-15Labor commodities, like other commodities, also have both value and use value. However, as a special commodity, its value and use value are different from those of general commodities.
Peculiarities of the commodity value of labor. Like other commodities, the value of the commodity of labour is determined by the socially necessary labour time for the production and reproduction of the commodity of labour. The determination of the value of labor goods has two characteristics:
First, the socially necessary labor time for the production and reproduction of labor commodities can be transformed into the value of the three parts of the means of subsistence necessary for the maintenance of the laborer's survival: that is, the value of the means of production necessary for the maintenance of the laborer's own survival; the value of the means of subsistence necessary for the reproduction of the working person; The cost of education and training for workers. Second, another important feature of the value determination of labor commodities is that it includes historical and moral factors.
Countries with different levels of productive forces, or in different historical periods of the same country, have different quantities and compositions of the means of subsistence necessary for workers due to different socio-economic and cultural conditions. With the development of economy and culture, the material content of the value of labor will continue to expand.
Characteristics of the use value of labor commodities. When ordinary goods are used or consumed, as the use value disappears, the value also disappears or is transferred to the new product. The use value of labor is the ability to perform productive labor, its use or consumption is labor, and labor is condensed in commodities to form value.
Therefore, the peculiarity of the use value of the commodity of labor power is that it is the source of value, and it is a source greater than the value of labor power, so that surplus value can be produced.
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Anonymous users2024-02-14Labor is to create wealth by its own experience and efforts, and it is durable, and commodities are goods with buying and selling value, and they are not durable.
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Anonymous users2024-02-13Hello, dear, I am happy to answer for you, the answer is: the main difference between labor commodities and general commodities is that the characteristics of use value are different.
Kiss for you to find the following relevant information: the use of value in the process of use of the attributes of the use of different things: the use of labor commodities is a process of creating value, labor in the process of use can create value, and can create a value greater than its own value, and the use of ordinary commodities is the process of people's consumption of goods; Has different structural properties:
There is a minimum or minimum of the value of the commodity of labor power "The minimum or minimum of the value of labor power refers to the value of the quantity of commodity that the bearer of labor power, that is, the person cannot renew his life process every day, that is, the value of the means of subsistence necessary for the maintenance of the body" Generally speaking, the ** of the commodity of labor power should be higher than this minimum in most cases, while other ordinary commodities do not have this limit.
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Anonymous users2024-02-12The characteristics of labor commodities that are different from ordinary commodities are manifested in the following aspects. The attributes of use value are different in the process of use: the process of using labor commodities is a process of creating value.
Labor is able to create value in the process of use, and it is capable of creating value greater than its own value. The process of using ordinary commodities is the process of people's consumption of commodities. With different structural characteristics:
There is a minimum or minimum value for the value of the product of labor. "The minimum value of labor is the value of the quantity of commodities which a man cannot renew the course of his life unless he is given on a daily basis, that is, the value of the means of subsistence necessary for the maintenance of the body. ”
1.In general, in most cases, the product of labor should be higher than this minimum. Other common products do not have this restriction.
It has different constituent properties: The value composition of the labor commodity includes not only the socially necessary labor time required for the production and reproduction of labor, but also historical and moral factors. The value of ordinary goods is not affected by these factors.
Different forms of exchange: There is no transfer of ownership in the exchange of labor goods.
2.The owner of the labor force must always only work for a certain period of time, and not all of the labor force at once. Otherwise, he will be transformed from a free man into a slave, from a commodity owner into a commodity.
He does not relinquish his ownership when he transfers his labor. The exchange of ordinary goods inevitably leads to the transfer of ownership. The meaning of the exchange is different:
The labor force can't **, and the workers are unemployed. Not only will its value be equal to zero, but for its owner, it will face brutal existential oppression. Ordinary commodities cannot, and can be temporarily withdrawn from circulation.
As a commodity inventory, its value remains.
1.The peculiarities of the conditions for the formation of labor commodities allow workers to have personal freedom, and workers have lost all means of production and means of subsistence. They have nothing but their own workforce.
They can only survive by selling their labor. peculiarities in the composition of the value of the commodity of labor; the value of the necessities of life; (The value of the means of subsistence necessary for the worker's childbirth) Educational and training expenses, historical and moral factors. That is, the composition and quantity of the means of subsistence required by the workers vary according to the level of socio-economic development and the natural and historical conditions of each country.
The peculiarity of the use value of the commodity of labor.
2.The peculiarity of the use value of the commodity of labor. The use value of labor is labor, which is characterized by the following:
It is the source of value, and it is a source of value that is greater than its own value. For the capitalist mode of production, it is the peculiarity of the use value of the product of labour that creates surplus value for its purchasers. Labor becomes a commodity, which is the premise for money to be converted into capital.
Therefore, the necessary condition for resolving the contradiction in the general form of capital is the purchase of labor power as a special commodity.
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Anonymous users2024-02-11Like other commodities, the value of the commodity of labour is determined by the socially necessary labour time for the production and reproduction of the commodity of labour.
Decided. The determination of the value of the commodity of labor power has two characteristics: first, the socially necessary labor time for the production and reproduction of the commodity of labor can be transformed into the value of the three parts of the means of subsistence necessary for the survival of the laborer
That is, the means of production necessary for the maintenance of the laborer's own survival.
the value of the value; the value of the means of subsistence necessary for the reproduction of the working person; The cost of education and training for workers. ”
Extended Materials. The commodity of labor is Marxist political economy.
An important category of Marx's assertion about the peculiarities of the commodity of labor is the theory of surplus value.
and the labor theory of value, which laid the foundation of science. A comprehensive understanding of the peculiarities of labor commodities is essential for a complete and accurate understanding of Marxist economic theory and for the correct understanding and scientific management and use of labor as a factor of production.
It has important theoretical significance and practical value.
It must meet two conditions: first, the owner of the labor force is a "free man" who can freely dispose of his labor force; The second is that he must have nothing but his own labor force, and he has to sell his labor power to survive. Labor is a commodity, and it has the same use value as any other commodity.
and value. The value of the commodity of labor is determined by the socially necessary labor time for the production and reproduction of the commodity of labor. The value of labor commodities consists of three parts:
to maintain the value of the means of subsistence necessary for the labourer's own survival, and to reproduce his labour-power; the value of the means of subsistence necessary for the reproduction of the laborer, in order to continue the supply of labor; The expenses incurred by the labourers in receiving education and training are used to train the labour force suitable for the needs of capitalist reproduction. The value of labor commodities is also influenced by historical and moral factors.
For a long time, China's theoretical circles have understood the particularity of labor commodities in this way, and labor force, as a special commodity, has a special use value, and its use can create value, and can create a value greater than its own value. In our view, there are obvious problems with this understanding and formulation.
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Anonymous users2024-02-10The characteristics of labor commodities that are different from ordinary commodities are manifested in the following aspects.
1. The attributes of the use value in the process of use are different
The process of using labor commodities is a process of creating value, and labor can create value in the process of use, and can create value greater than its own value.
And the process of using ordinary goods is the process of people's consumption of goods.
2. It has different structural properties
There is a minimum, or minimum, of the value of the commodity of labor.
The minimum or minimum value of labor power refers to the value of the quantity of commodities that the bearer of labor power, that is, the person who does not get it every day, cannot renew its life process, that is, the value of the means of subsistence that are indispensable for the maintenance of the body. ”。
Generally speaking, the ** of labor goods should be higher than this minimum in most cases.
This is not the case for other common goods.
3. It has different constituent attributes:
The composition of the value of the commodity of labor power includes not only the socially necessary labor time required to produce and reproduce labor power, but also a historical and moral factor.
The value of ordinary goods is not affected by these factors.
4. Different forms of exchange:
The exchange of labor goods does not take place without the transfer of ownership.
The owner of the labor force must always sell only a certain amount of labor power, and cannot sell it all at once, otherwise he will become a slave from a free man, from a commodity owner to a commodity, and he will not give up his ownership of it when he transfers his labor power.
The exchange of ordinary commodities inevitably leads to the transfer of ownership.
5. The meaning of the exchange is different:
Labor cannot be sold, the worker is unemployed, not only is its value equal to zero, but for his owner, he will face a cruel oppression of survival.
Ordinary commodities cannot be sold, and they can be temporarily withdrawn from the circulation field, and their value still exists as a commodity inventory.
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Anonymous users2024-02-09the peculiarities of labor commodities in three aspects;
The peculiarities of the conditions for the formation of the commodity of labor (freedom of life, nothing).
Workers have personal freedom.
The laborers have lost all the means of production and subsistence, have nothing but their own labor power, and must rely on selling their labor power to survive.
peculiarities in the composition of the value of labor commodities;
the value of the necessities of life; (The value of the means of subsistence necessary for the reproduction of the offspring).
The cost of education and training, historical and moral factors.
That is, the composition and quantity of the means of subsistence required by the laborers vary according to the level of socio-economic development and the natural and historical conditions of each country.
The peculiarity of the use value of labor commodities.
The use value of labor is labor, which is characterized by the following:
It is the source of value, and it is the source of value that is greater than its own value. It is the labour quotient that can create surplus value for his purchasers, which is decisive for the capitalist mode of production.
The peculiarity of the use value of the product. The transformation of labor power into a commodity is the prerequisite for the transformation of money into capital, so the necessary condition for resolving the formal contradiction of the general formula of capital is the purchase of labor power, a special commodity.
The generation of surplus value is neither in the field of circulation nor inseparable from the field of circulation.
Simply put, it is the amount of labor that a country can put into production at a certain time. >>>More
It's mental work and mental work.
According to the principle of Marxism, the means of labor refer to the material part of the productive forces, including the tools of labor and the objects of labor. Capital refers to the value that creates surplus value, the means by which the capitalists exploit the workers. Capital is not a thing, but the relationship between capitalists and workers, which is a phenomenon peculiar to capitalist society (society with a market economic system). >>>More
Rising labor costs are putting pressure on the profitability of construction companies. From the perspective of the whole industry, the proportion of labor costs in the total output value of construction in 2008 is, if the labor cost is **10%, without considering any compensation factors, the gross profit margin of the whole industry will decline significantly by one percentage point; From the perspective of the five major central enterprises, the proportion of direct labor costs in revenue is 4%-7% on average, and the labor cost is 10%, and the gross profit margin will drop significantly by one percentage point, dragging down the growth rate of net profit by one percentage point; However, considering that labor subcontracting accounts for a relatively high proportion of subcontracting costs among the five major central enterprises, the gross profit margin will be dragged down more by labor costs. In fact, the profitability of construction companies is more dependent on the economic cycle; In the context of raw material and labor costs, construction companies are more inclined to sign open contracts and cost-plus contracts to avoid their own risks. However, the successful implementation of the compensation clause will be more dependent on the macroeconomic cycle; If the macro economy is good and the owner has abundant funds, the greater the amount and probability of compensation for the construction enterprise, and the smaller the vice versa; Since 1991, the trend of the profit rate of output value in China's construction industry has been significantly positively correlated with the GDP growth rate. At the same time, under the background of labor costs, the gross profit margin of Japan's four major construction companies has remained stable since 1980, and only began to decline during the financial crisis in 2008; At the micro level, construction enterprises will also digest the cost pressure internally by improving the mechanization rate and management efficiency >>>More
No, because that's the official definition.
The product of labor refers to the social product created by human labor. >>>More