How many times did the Shang Dynasty move the capital? In the early Shang Dynasty, the capital was r

Many of the characteristics of the Shang Dynasty are very different from the records recorded after the Qin Dynasty The Shang Dynasty moved the capital at least 5 times, when China first stepped into an agrarian society from a nomadic society, archaeological excavations of the Shang Dynasty cities were far more than 5, in that era, cities were not only natural products of economic development, China was still in the tribal era, these cities excluded rebels or foreigners built, they were the capitals of the Shang Dynasty, the tribal people lived in the city, and the slaves lived outside the city, that is to say, a tribe was a city (of course, the capital), At that time, the word "state" meant city (Shang was a Shang tribe), which meant that in the early Shang Dynasty, due to nomadism or early farming, the grass ran out or the fertility of the cultivated land was gone, and they had to migrate to the place of residence. <>

The Shang Dynasty began from Tang to the fall of the Shang Dynasty, with a total of 17 generations and 31 kings, nearly 600 years. c. 16th to 11th century BC. There is a very significant phenomenon in the history of the Shang Dynasty, that is, the capital has been moved repeatedly.

Tang was originally founded in Bo (now Shangqiu City, Henan).After that, five relocations: Zhongding moved the capital to Yuxi (now Xingyang, Henan Province, north of Aoshannan); Hejia moved his capital to Xiang (now west of Anyang City, Henan), and Zu Yi moved his capital to Xing (now east of Wen County, Henan); Nangeng moved its capital to Xian (now east of the old city of Qufu, Shandong), and Pangeng moved its capital to Yin (now northwest of Anyang, Henan).

Pangeng moved to Yin, which has epoch-making significance in the history of the Shang Dynasty. Prior to this, from Tang to Yangjia, there were ten generations and nineteen kings, about three hundred years, which was the early Shang Dynasty. After that, from Pangeng to Xuan, eight generations of twelve kings, where two hundred and seventy-three years, for the early and late Shang period.

The Shang Dynasty moved its capital at least seven times, the first six times in western Liaoning, and Pangeng moved from western Liaoxi to Anyang.

The reasons for the multiple capital moves in the early Shang Dynasty are not entirely clear. Some historians believe that this was due to military reasons, as the Shang kings needed to move their capitals to new locations in order to fend off invading armies.

Others argue that the relocation was driven by factors such as political power struggles, lack of resources, or a change in the location of the Yellow River.

Additionally, the early Shang dynasty was known to be highly mobile, with the royal family frequently moving to different parts of the kingdom, which may have contributed to the frequent relocation of the capital.

The Shang Dynasty was the earliest feudal dynasty in China, and the early Shang Dynasty moved to better adapt to the environment and develop the economy. Because at that time, human control over nature was still very small.

It was because there was a very serious flood at that time, and it was also because agriculture was relatively backward, and the previous ones were more luxurious, so the capital was moved to be frugal.

Because the Shang Dynasty was a nomadic people, they had lived a life without a fixed place before, so they were used to this way, and the arable land had been used up, so they had to choose to move the capital.

Because the Shang Dynasty was a nomadic people, they had lived a life of no fixed place before, so they had already made up the asana pattern, and the arable land had been used up, so they had to move the capital.

The Shang Dynasty frequently moved its capital to accompany the celebration of the reason:

1. The Yellow River often floods, washing away the old capital;

2. The Shang Dynasty advocated divination, and moved the capital because of divination;

3. The agriculture is backward, and after a period of time, the land fertility is exhausted, and the capital has to be moved;

4. The nobles are seriously fighting for the throne, and the new king often moves the capital after the succession.

The Shang Dynasty moved its capital several times in five or six hundred years, most of which were in Henan. Yin ruins were found in Anyang, Henan, and Shang Dynasty artifacts were also found elsewhere. Most of the information about the Shang Dynasty comes from the Han Dynasty in the Zhou Dynasty's Sima Qian's A.D. Historical Records, as well as the Shang Dynasty's Jin Wen and Anyang Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

Among them, the records of oracle bone inscriptions and gold inscriptions are the earliest systematic writing symbols found in China.

The Shang capital refers to the capital of the Shang State during the Xia and Shang periods. Merchants moved their capitals frequently, mainly because of river floods and wars. Zhang Heng of the Eastern Han Dynasty and Xijing Funian said:

Yin people have moved repeatedly, the first eight and the last five. The former refers to the period from the ancestral deed of the Shang Dynasty to the establishment of the capital of the Tang Dynasty, also known as the pre-Shang period, which lasted more than 400 years. During this period, the Shang Kingdom moved its capital eight times.

After that, there was a period of more than 600 years, from the establishment of the Shang Dynasty to the destruction of the Shang people by the Zhou people. During this period, the Shang Dynasty bench was destroyed and the capital was moved five times.

After the discovery of the Yinxu site in Anyang in the first half of the 20th century, the oracle bone inscriptions unearthed in Yinxu almost completely confirmed the Shang Dynasty recorded in the Sima Qian Historical Chronicle, and the excavation of Yinxu confirmed the existence of the Shang Dynasty in China.

Yinxu is the first capital site in Chinese history, which is confirmed by archaeology and oracle bone inscriptions. In the past, the cultural relics unearthed in the non-Central Plains areas where Zaobei was generally considered to be a barbarian land, such as the Sanxingdui culture centered on Chengdu and Guanghan, and the Tanzheli site in Ningxiang, Hunan, also proved that there was a developed civilization in the Yangtze River basin in the Shang Dynasty.

From the establishment of the Tang Dynasty to the 20th Shang king Pangeng, the Shang regime experienced three declines and four revivals: Tangxing, which declined to Yongji; The revival of Taiwu is a decline to the river; Zu B was revitalized until Yang A declined; Pan Geng was resurrected in Yin and Tao. With several ups and downs, from the Tang Dynasty to the Pangeng period, the Shang Dynasty moved its capital five times.

Said: Zhong Ding moved to Mian, He Tuojia moved to Xiang, Zu Yi moved to Pi, Nangeng moved to Yan, and finally Pangeng moved to Yin.

After the death of Zu Yishang, the order of succession to the Shang throne was: Zu Xin and Zu Ding. After Zu Ding's death, there was a chaotic situation of royal competition, and finally Nan Geng got the right to inherit.

However, this struggle for power and profit continued, and Nangeng could not control the situation, so it had to move the capital to get out of it. In today's Surabaya Valley in southwest Shandong, the natural conditions are better, and the south is relocated.

The internal causes mainly came from internal strife within the royal family. According to the records of the bamboo book year, since the middle of the Ding period, all the sons were abolished and replaced, which was more chaotic than the Nine Dynasties, so the princes did not dynasty. Since the death of Zhong Ding of the Shang Dynasty, Zhong Ding's brothers began to compete for the throne with their own strength, breaking the original inheritance rules and causing long-term chaos in the succession to the throne.

This chaotic situation has been going on for Zhong Ding, Wairen, He Tuojia, Zu Yi, Zu Xin, Wo Jia, Zu Ding, Nan Geng, and the Nine Heavenly Kings of the Yang Family, so it is called the Ninth Chaos.

It can be said that several capital moves since Zhong Ding were closely related to the Ninth Rebellion.

Yang Jia, He Ming. In the first year of Ren Xu, the king of the country ascended the throne and was elected. For three years, the West Expedition was single. It's been four years.

Pangeng, famous for ten days. In the first year of Bingyin, the king ascended the throne and was elected.

The Shang Dynasty moved its capital more than a dozen times, and there were many capital moves. It could be because of the threat of flooding, or it could be because of the threat of war.

There were two capital moves, and the reason for this was because the emperor of the Shang Dynasty always felt that the terrain was not very stable and was likely to be attacked by others.

There were three capital moves, because the Shang Dynasty had a lot of wars, so in order to find a better capital with a geographical advantage of warfare, the capital would be moved frequently.