Why formal logic is deductive logic

No. 1. Logical thinking is relative to image thinking and other thinking;

2. Logical thinking includes two levels: formal logic thinking and dialectical logic thinking.

1. Logical thinking:

Logical thinking refers to the way or form in which the contents of thought are connected and organized together. Thinking uses concepts and categories as tools to reflect the objects of cognition. These concepts and categories exist in the human brain in the form of a framework, i.e., the structure of the mind.

These frameworks can organize different categories and concepts together, so as to form a relatively complete thought, which can be understood and mastered, and the purpose of understanding can be achieved. Therefore, the structure of thinking is not only a cognitive structure of human beings, but also a structure of human ability to grasp objects using categories and concepts.

2. Image thinking:

Figurative thinking is a thought process that is based on intuitive images and appearances.

For example, when a writer creates a typical literary character, and a painter creates a picture, he must first conceive the picture of the character or the picture in his mind, and the process of this conception is based on the image of a person or object, so it is called image thinking.

Discharge cooling is another type of convection cooling. Unlike regenerative cooling, the coolant used for exhaust cooling absorbs heat to the thrust chamber and is discharged out of the combustion chamber instead of entering the combustion chamber to participate in combustion. Direct drain coolant reduces the thrust chamber specific impulse, so the coolant flow for drain cooling needs to be minimized while only using drain cooling at the outlet section of the nozzle that is relatively less heated.

There is also radiative cooling, in which the heat flow is transferred from the combustion products to the thrust chamber, and then the heat is radiated by the thrust chamber wall to the surrounding space. Radiative cooling is characterized by simplicity and small structural mass. It is mainly used in the extension section of large nozzles and the thrust chamber of small thrust engines using high-temperature resistant materials.

When cooling in the thrust chamber of the tissue, a relatively low temperature liquid or gas protective layer is established on the surface of the thrust chamber wall to reduce the heat flow to the thrust chamber wall, reduce the wall temperature, and achieve cooling. Internal cooling is mainly divided into three methods: internal cooling (shield cooling), membrane cooling and diaphoretic cooling of head tissues. After the internal cooling measures are adopted in the thrust chamber, the mixing ratio near the wall of the combustion chamber is different from the optimal mixing ratio in the central area (in most cases, the near-wall layer rich in fuel is used) due to the need to reduce the temperature of the protective layer, resulting in the uneven distribution of the mixing ratio along the cross-section of the combustion chamber, so that the combustion efficiency is reduced to a certain extent.

Membrane cooling is similar to shield cooling in that it cools the thrust chamber wall by establishing a uniform and stable coolant film or air film protective layer near the inner wall surface, except that the coolant used to establish the protective layer is not injected by the injector, but is supplied through a special cooling belt. The cooling band is generally arranged in a cross-section of the combustion chamber or the convergence section of the nozzle. There can be several cooling bands along the length of the combustion chamber.

In order to improve the stability of the membrane, the coolant often flows through the gaps or small holes in the cooling belts, and when sweating is used, the thrust chamber wall or part of the inner wall is made of porous material with a pore diameter of tens of microns. Porous materials are usually sintered with metal powders or pressed with metal mesh. In this case, the number of pores per unit area is increased by making the micropores in the material as evenly distributed as possible.

The liquid coolant penetrates into the inner wall, creating a protective film that reduces the density of the heat transferred to the wall. When the flow rate of liquid coolant used for sweat cooling is above a certain threshold, a liquid film is formed near the wall of the thrust chamber. When the coolant flow rate is below the critical flow, the inner wall temperature will be higher than the coolant boiling point at the current pressure, and some or all of the coolant will evaporate, forming an air film.

In addition to the above thermal protection, there are other thermal protection methods such as: ablation cooling, thermal insulation cooling, hot melt cooling and composite protection of chamber walls. 3. Thermal protection scheme of high enthalpy gas generator Based on the above methods and the actual situation, the thermal protection method of high enthalpy gas generator is obtained.

The combustion chamber of a high-enthalpy gas generator differs from that of a liquid rocket engine, eliminating the front thrust chamber part, making its structure simpler and more effective. Then, the thermal protection involved is the thermal protection part of the combustion chamber wall. As the fuel enters the combustion chamber, it quickly decomposes and releases large quantities.

A sub-discipline of formal logic. Study the formal structure of thinking and its laws. Leaving aside the specific content of thinking, study the laws and rules of concepts, judgments, and reasoning (especially deductive reasoning) and their correct connections; It reflects the simplest, most common and most common connection of things, and expresses the most preliminary but important thinking rules.

The basic laws are: the law of identity, the law of contradiction and the law of exclusion.

Formal logic is the study of the laws of human thinking in the intellectual stage of cognition, in the narrow sense deductive logic, and in the broad sense also includes inductive logic. The law of thinking in formal logic is also the unity of the form of thinking and the content of thinking. The object of formal logic is the quality of things, and formal logic reflects the quality of things by concepts, judgments, and reasoning (mainly including inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning).

Formal logic is also called ordinary logic. The science of the study of the forms of thought and their laws. It is a science of an instrumental nature, and it is a necessary logical tool that people often use when they understand things and express their thoughts.

In order for human understanding to reflect the objective world in the rational stage, it is necessary to realize the unity of the content and form of thinking, otherwise, this reflection cannot be realized. The content of thinking is the object and its attributes reflected by thinking, and the form is the way in which an object is reflected, that is, the concept expressed in words, the judgment expressed in sentences, and the reasoning expressed in complex sentences.

A logical form refers to a form in which logical elements are interconnected. Logical forms contain hierarchies, structures, relationships, and so on.

According to the reasons for the formation of logical forms, they can be divided into: natural logical forms, artificial logical forms, and degraded compound logical forms.

1.Natural logical forms refer to the logical forms that are spontaneously formed in nature. For example: animals, plants, microorganisms, etc.

2.The man-made logical form refers to the logical form created by the artificial design of Fan Yuxin. For example: social systems, machinery and equipment, computers, etc.

3.The composite logical form refers to the logical form formed by the natural logical form and the human form as the logical form of the composite. For example: agriculture, animal husbandry.

All s are P, which is called the full name affirmative proposition, and the field of logic abbreviates it as a proposition.

All s are not P, which is called the full name negative proposition, or E proposition for short.

Some s are P, which is called a special affirmative proposition, or I proposition for short.

Some s are not P, which is called a special negative proposition, or O proposition for short.

There is a true or false relationship between a, e, i, and o of the same material:

1) Contradictory relationships. Divisions exist between A and 0, E and I, and there are two judgments that have a contradictory relationship, that is, they cannot be the same true or the same false.

2.Against relationships. Exists between A and E. Two judgments with opposing relationships cannot be the same as true, but can be the same as false.

3.Under the opposition relationship. exists between i and 0. Two judgments that have an opposing relationship cannot be the same as false, but can be the same as true.

4.Inferior relationship (subordination). They exist between a and i, e and 0, respectively. There are two judgments with a difference relationship, one is the full name judgment and the other is the special name judgment.

There is a true or false relationship between two judgments with a difference relationship: if the full judgment is true, then the special judgment is also true: if the full judgment is false, then the special judgment is true or false.

If the special judgment is true, the full name judgment is indefinite, and if the special judgment is false, the full name judgment is also false.