There are 4 unequal treaties, help answer them

The main content of the Aihui Treaty was to occupy more than 600,000 square kilometers of land south of the Xing'an Mountains and north of the Heilongjiang River in northeast China.

Date of the Treaty of Tientsin: 1858.

The Beijing Treaty reads:

1 Qing ** recognized the validity of the Treaty of Tientsin.

2. Tianjin was added as a commercial port.

3 Ceded the first district of the Kowloon Division to the British.

4 Allow Chinese laborers to go abroad.

5 The indemnity to Britain and France was increased to 8,000,000 taels each**.

The Treaty of Xincho was dated September 1901.

Content 1 Clear**compensation**100 million taels**, to be repaid in 39 years, with a total of 100 million taels of principal and interest.

2 Beijing Dongjiaomin Lane is designated as the "Embassy Pavilion", which is not allowed to be inhabited by Chinese and is protected by troops sent by various countries.

3. Dismantle the forts from Beijing to Dagu, and allow all countries to send troops to garrison key points along the Beijing-Shanhaiguan railway.

4 Officials who undertook the anti-imperialist struggle during the Boxer Rebellion were forever forbidden for the Chinese people to establish or join anti-imperialist organizations, and officials who were unfavorable to the suppression of the anti-imperialist movement were "immediately dismissed from their posts and never resigned."

5 The Prime Minister's Yamen was changed to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which was above the six ministries.

China's unequal treaties of the Qing Dynasty have no meaning to this day, except, of course, the treaty of land cession with Russia. For example, they said that the West and Japan did a lot of bad things, and in the end they got nothing.

Qing Dynasty** from May 1841 to February 1912, a total of 70 years, signed 411 articles; Beiyang Warlord**From March 1912 to May 1925, a total of 15 years, 243 articles were signed; National**From September 1927 to June 1949, a total of 22 years, 91 articles were signed.

Unequal treaties.

Most of the rights are biased towards the strong, and the obligations are biased towards the weak, which in essence violates the principle of the sovereign equality of states, and has been widely condemned in the international community. Before 1949, China was forced to conclude many unequal treaties with foreign countries, which the People's Republic of China had successively abrogated through diplomatic representations.

The nature of unequal treaties

An unequal treaty is the opposite of an equal treaty. Treaties of equality generally refer to the signatory states of each sovereign state.

Under the premise of equality and mutual benefit, a treaty in which voluntarily agreed rights and obligations are reciprocal. An unequal treaty is a treaty that is finally concluded and does not reciprocity in terms of rights and obligations to the parties.

The most common reason for this is the use or threat of force by one of the parties (or parties) to force the other party (i.e. the imposition of a treaty). However, it has also been argued that the conclusion of an unequal treaty does not necessarily involve the use of force, as long as the content of the treaty is not equal to that of the parties. Under this expanded definition, unequal treaties may include a variety of situations:

1. The content of the treaty was originally equal to both parties; However, due to unforeseen changes, there is an inequality in the actual implementation of the obligations of the two parties.

2 The content of the treaty was not equal to the parties; And no matter how effective it actually is.

3 The use or threat of economic pressure or force to achieve the first case.

4 The use or threat of economic pressure or force to achieve the second scenario.

5 The treaty is equal in content, but is reached using economic pressure.

6 The content of the treaty is equal, but it is concluded by force.

From this definition, many treaties signed by European and American countries and their Asian and African countries in the 20th century fit the concept of unequal treaties. Moreover, many peace treaties (such as the Franco-Prussian War) after the civil wars in Europe and the United States (such as the Franco-Prussian War.

After the Treaty of Frankfurt, the First World War.

The post-Versailles Treaty can also be seen as an unequal treaty.

Some modern agreements, even if they are not signed by force, can be interpreted as unequal.

Traditionally, unequal treaties were signed between the Western powers (and later Japan) and Asian countries in the 18th and early 19th centuries, with imperialism.

Treaties of color.

In modern times, treaties on the imposition of force between the constituent nations of a multi-ethnic unified state are considered to be internal affairs between peoples and not to be unequal treaties because they are not a matter between sovereign states.

According to statistics, from 1689 to 1949, China signed about 1,182 diplomatic documents in written form with foreign countries, in which in addition to formal treaties, peace treaties, boundary treaties and agreements, there are also so-called mutilated limbs

"Special Article": For example, the "Beijing Special Article" between China and Japan on Taiwan's "Shengfan";

Contracts", most of which are for the settlement of railway loans, joint railway construction and other economic affairs, such as the "Guangdong-Hanzhou Railway Loan Contract" signed between China and the United States in 1898;

Statutes", such as the Sino-British Five-Port Trade Charter, signed by China and Britain in 1843

Annexes: such as the Treaty and Annexes of the Sino-Japanese Conference on Matters Concerning the Three Eastern Provinces signed by China and Japan in 1905;

Certificate. Such as China, Peru.

Abolition of certificates of exceedance, etc.;

leases", such as the 1898 Sino-Russian Treaty of Lease of Travel

Sino-German Lend-Lease Treaty", etc.

These different forms of treaties and diplomatic documents are basically unequal. Among them, only Li Hongzhang.

More than 30 unequal treaties were signed by one person. Through these unequal treaties, imperialism.

The Great Powers seized all sorts of privileges and benefits in China.

Legal analysis: Unequal treaty refers to international treaties and agreements that are detrimental to national sovereignty and do not carry out filial piety in the distribution of rights and obligations between the contracting parties.

Legal basis: Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1) A treaty which is forced to conclude by a State with the use of force or the threat of force is absolutely null and void; (2) The conclusion of a treaty is incompatible with a peremptory rule of general international law and is null and void.

The order in which unequal treaties are concluded is:1. The Treaty of Nanjing2. The Treaty of Shimonoseki3. The Treaty of XinchoAfter the defeat of the Qing Dynasty in the Opium War, the Treaty of Nanjing was signed in 1842; After the defeat of the Qing Dynasty in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed in 1895; After the defeat of the Qing Dynasty in the Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China, the Treaty of Xinchou was signed in 1901.

Introduction to the Treaty of Nanjing.

The Treaty of Nanjing was the first unequal treaty in modern Chinese history. The treaty was signed on August 29, 1842 (July 24, 22nd year of Daoguang) by the Qing court's representatives Qiying, Yilibu, and Niu Jian, and the British representative Pu Dingcha on the British ship Gao Huali anchored in the Xiaguan River in Nanjing, marking the end of the pure negotiations of the First Opium War.

The above content refers to the Treaty of Nanjing.