How to see the difference between Hume s agnosticism and Kant s agnosticism.

In Hume's view, everything except sensation is unreliable, the law of cause and effect is false, it is only a human habit, a subjective construction in the brain. For Kant, the world is knowable, but our knowledge is limited to the phenomena of the world, and the world itself (the other side) is unknowable. The quest for definitive knowledge has always been the goal of Western philosophers, but as early as around the 5th century BC, Gorgias (c. 5th century BC), a famous representative of the Sophists of ancient Greece, proposed that "nothing exists; Even if something exists, it is unknowable; Even if something exists and can be known, such knowledge cannot be imparted to others", which can be called the earliest skeptic and agnostic in the history of European philosophy.

In the 3rd century B.C., Pi Lang's skepticism (c. 360 B.C. 270 B.C.) also proposed that we can only know the phenomena it manifests, but not the essence and truth of anything. Therefore, the development of agnosticism in the history of Western philosophy has historical origins, but the reason why the agnosticism proposed by Hume (1711 1776) and Kant (1724 1804) is so influential is not only because the complete theoretical system they established had a great impact on their time, but also because the theories they established had a lasting and far-reaching impact on the development of Western philosophy after them. However, there is a difference between the agnosticism established by the two, which can be said to be the relationship between inheritance and development, which will be elaborated from three aspects.

I. The Background of the Emergence of Agnosticism Any philosophical theory is a reflection of the times, which is not only the background of the development of natural science, but also the result of the logical development of the philosophical theory itself.

In short, Hume carried despair, while Kant carried hope. First, we must admit that agnosticism is objectively acceptable. Hume said that human beings are sensual, so they can never find the answer.

Kant said that human beings are rational, and although they are not comprehensive, they always have a desirable side. There are two things that the more often and persistently I think about them, the more my heart will be filled with new and growing fascination and reverence: the starry sky above my head, and the moral law in my heart.

Kant.

The core idea of Hume's agnosticism, or skepticism, can be boiled down to three propositions:

1. There is no a priori synthetic truth about the external world.

2. Any real knowledge we have about the external world comes down from perceptual experience.

3. Only the knowledge deduced by experiments is correct.

On the one hand, Hume insisted on a thoroughly empiricist position, rejecting the use of existence outside of experience whose existence is doubtful as the basis of knowledge, and limiting human knowledge to the scope of experience.

In Hume's view, the reason why our knowledge is reliable and can be formed is that we take the objects that can be presented in our minds as the objects of cognition, and those things that cannot be presented to us in our minds can never be the objects of our cognition. Even the tools that must be used to construct knowledge—the principle of causality—are acquired as a result of the connections we "feel" in our minds or imaginations.

It is impossible to know whether there is a real existence in the world only the perception and feeling of the mind, and this view of Hume is called "agnosticism".

This agnosticism is mainly embodied in two aspects: one is about the unknowability of material objects and the existence of God, Hume completely confined knowledge to the scope of experience, believing that man not only cannot perceive and prove the existence of material entities, but also cannot perceive and prove the existence of spiritual entities, including God, he insists that perceptual perception is the only object of cognition, and is skeptical of any existence outside the senses; Second, Hume believed that the existence of causal relations between experiences is irrational, because he cannot generalize the universal law of necessity, and he has a negative attitude towards the objective regularity and causal necessity of the external world, believing that causal connection is only an idea formed by the sequence of impressions.

It is impossible to know whether there is a real existence in the world except for mental perceptions and sensations, and this view of Hume is called "agnosticism".

This agnosticism is mainly embodied in two aspects: one is about the unknowability of material objects and the existence of God, Hume completely limited knowledge to the scope of experience, believing that man is not only unable to perceive and prove the existence of material entities, but also cannot perceive and prove the existence of spiritual entities, including God, he insists that perceptual perception is the only object of cognition, and is skeptical of any existence outside of sensation; Second, as to whether the causal relationship between experiences is unknowable, Hume believes that the existence of causal relations is irrational, because it is impossible to generalize the universal law of necessity, and he holds a pretended and bent attitude towards the objective regularity and causal inevitability of the external world, and believes that causal connection is only a concept formed by the appearance of impressions.

It is impossible to know whether there is a real existence in the world only the perception and feeling of the mind, and this view of Hume is called "agnosticism".

This agnosticism is mainly embodied in two aspects: one is about the unknowability of material objects and the existence of God, Hume completely confined knowledge to the scope of experience, believing that man not only cannot perceive and prove the existence of material entities, but also cannot perceive and prove the existence of spiritual entities, including God, he insists that perceptual perception is the only object of cognition, and is skeptical of any existence outside the senses; Second, Hume believed that the existence of causal relations between experiences is irrational, because he cannot generalize the universal law of necessity, and he has a negative attitude towards the objective regularity and causal necessity of the external world, believing that causal connection is only an idea formed by the sequence of impressions.

Ye Congwei didn't expect you to still study philosophy, I didn't think of it, it seems that you have grown up.