There are two prominent features of dialectical materialist epistemology

Dialectical materialist epistemology.

There are two outstanding features: based on social practice.

And awareness is constantly evolving.

Marxist philosophy.

A doctrine about the **, the nature of knowledge, and its laws. It adheres to the viewpoint of reflection theory, holding that the objective material world that exists independently of human consciousness is the object and source of cognition, and cognition is the subject's reflection of the object and the subjective reflection of the objective world.

and metaphysical materialism.

In contrast, dialectical materialism holds that reflection is not a passive intuition of the objective world, but a process of actively and actively reproducing the essence and laws of the object that occurs on the basis of the subject's practice of transforming the object.

Dialectical materialist epistemology has two prominent characteristics: first, one of them must be based on social practice and take practice as the basis of understanding, and secondly, it is to see that understanding is constantly developing, and that understanding is repetitive, infinite, and ascending.

and dialectical materialist epistemology.

In comparison, the old materialism.

Epistemology has two flawsOne is the lackDialecticspoint of view, and the other is a point of view that lacks practice

The old materialist epistemology lacks a practical perspective, does not see the agent's role in the object, and sees cognition as a mirror-like, intuitive and passive reflection.

The old materialist epistemology lacked a dialectical perspective, and saw cognition as a single process from object to subject, and it was done all at once. Because the old materialist epistemology lacked a practical perspective, it was a passive reflection theory.

Distinguish. 1) Modern dialectical materialism introduces the scientific concept of practice into epistemology, takes practice as the basis of all epistemology, and points out that cognition is the active reflection of the subject on the object through practice, which overcomes the defect of the old materialism denying the role of practice and biologicalizing and naturalizing human cognition, that is, leaving the social nature of human beings and the historical development of human beings to observe the problem of cognition.

2) Modern dialectical materialism implements dialectics into the theory of reflection, scientifically explains the dialectical process of the development of human cognition, reveals the basic laws of cognitive movement, and overcomes the metaphysics of the old materialism that intuitively, solidifies and one-sidedly cognition.

defects.

The other is (a) a lack of practical perspective.

The basic viewpoints of dialectical materialist epistemology are: the principle of the dialectical relationship between practice and cognition; the conditional and concrete principles of truth; recognize the principle of repetition and infinity of the process; historical materialism, etc. Matter determines consciousness, and consciousness has an active effect on matter.

To give play to subjective initiative, it is necessary to respect the objective law as the premise. Marxist philosophy is dialectical materialism and historical materialism, and dialectical materialism is composed of three parts: dialectical materialism, materialist dialectics, and dialectical materialist epistemology.

The basic characteristics of dialectical materialist epistemology mainly include the following aspects:

1.Practicality. Dialectical materialist epistemology holds that knowledge comes from practice, and only through practical discussion can people have a correct understanding of objective things. Therefore, dialectical materialism emphasizes that practice is the only way to acquire knowledge.

2.Dialectical. Dialectical materialist epistemology holds that cognition is a dialectical process, which requires the interaction of positive and negative aspects to achieve unity. This requires people to be sensitive to the relationship between contradictions and opposites in the process of understanding, and to maintain dialectical thinking.

3.Knowability. Dialectical materialist epistemology holds that the objective world can be known, and human beings can obtain real and reliable knowledge through labor and cognitive activities.

4.Historic. Dialectical materialist epistemology holds that epistemic activities have their historicity, that is, the categories of human cognition and thinking are constantly developing with the evolution of history.

An in-depth study of the historical process of human cognitive activities is helpful to better understand and understand the nature and laws of human cognitive activities.

5.Subjectivity. Dialectical materialist epistemology holds that man is the subject of cognition, and that man's cognitive activity is a process of continuous self-development and self-improvement.

In the cognitive activities, people's subjective initiative plays an important role, and this initiative has a decisive impact on the correctness and profundity of understanding.

The above are the basic characteristics of dialectical materialist epistemology. These characteristics together constitute the theoretical system of dialectical materialist epistemology, which provides scientific methods and ways for people to understand and grasp the objective world.

The active reflection theory of dialectical materialism. That is to say, it refers to the active response of consciousness, which has two characteristics: conscious selectivity and active creativity.

1.The essence of cognition is the subject's active and creative reflection of the object on the basis of or through practice. Cognition is the process and result of the interaction between subject and object.

2.The understanding of the stipulation of the nature of cognition: first of all, practice is the basis and ** of cognition, and cognition is neither "born to know", subjective self-generated, nor directly to the object, but obtained through the practical activities of the subject actively transforming the object.

As Engels said: "The most essential and closest basis of human thinking is precisely the changes in nature caused by man, not nature itself." Secondly, it adheres to the principle of materialist reflection theory, that cognition is the reflection or copying of the object, that is, the cognition is based on the object, and the cognition must contain the content of reflecting or copying the object.

Third, the reflection of cognition on the object is characterized by agency and creativity, including a certain selectivity and reconstruction, rather than simple and direct copying.

Reflection and creation are inseparable in cognitive activities, and reflection is a selective and reconstructive reflection, that is, it is realized in the creative process. Creation is a well-founded creation based on reflection and is conditioned by the objective nature of the object of reflection. Marxist philosophy has drawn a clear line between the stipulation and understanding of the essence of knowledge and the viewpoint of idealism, agnosticism, and metaphysical materialism.

The implication is that cognition reacts to practice.

1) This is determined by the nature of practice, which is active and governed by consciousness, which determines that practice cannot be separated from the guidance of knowledge.

2) This is determined by the nature of cognition, the activity of cognition and its results are relatively independent, and once it is formed, it can react to practice.

3) There are basically two situations in which cognition reacts to practice: one is that advanced and correct cognition guides practice, which can make practice achieve the desired effect and promote the progress and development of the human world; Second, backward and erroneous understandings guiding practice will have a negative or even destructive effect on practice and undermine the progress and development of the human world.

4) The reaction of cognition to practice is also manifested in many aspects: guiding the subject to consciously engage in practical activities in accordance with the law; Make ** and plan for practical activities; Enable the subject to adjust the practice activities in a timely manner according to the changed situation and choose the best way to achieve the goal; The subject is made to consciously carry out practical activities based on self-knowledge (the subject's own understanding) to meet the needs of the subject to transform the object.

5) The active role of cognition in practice is fully embodied in the tremendous guiding role of scientific theories as a high-level form of cognition in practice. First of all, scientific theory is a correct understanding of the nature and laws of things, which can and should be ahead of practice and guide the process of practical activities. secondly, scientific theories can foresee the future and correct the direction of practice; Thirdly, scientific theory, as a spiritual force, can motivate people to innovate in practice, as Lenin said, "without revolutionary theory, there can be no revolutionary action".

On the question of the essence of knowledge, there are two fundamentally opposing lines of knowledge (the opposition lies in whether or not to recognize objective things as objects of knowledge):

Adhere to the materialist line from objects to feelings and thoughts, materialist reflection theory, which believes that cognition is the reflection of the subject to the object;

Adhere to the idealist line from thought and feeling to things, idealistic transcendentalism, which regards knowledge as something that precedes matter.

1) The old materialist epistemology is based on perceptual intuition, and regards human cognition as a negative and passive reflection of external phenomena.

There are two serious flaws:

First, we depart from practice to examine the problem of cognition, and thus do not understand the decisive role of practice in cognition;

Second, they do not understand the dialectical nature of cognition and leave the dialectical method to examine the problem of cognition, thus simplifying the complex process of cognition, solidifying the living movement of cognition, and one-sidedly turning the multifaceted elements of cognition.

2) The epistemology of dialectical materialism inherits the rational premise of the reflection theory of the old materialism, but overcomes its serious defects, and it adheres to the concept of practice characterized by scientific social practice, which is the fundamental difference between the two epistemologies.

3. The basic characteristics of dialectical materialist epistemology.

1) Dialectical materialist epistemology has two outstanding features:

First, introduce the practical perspective into epistemology.

Second, the dialectic should be applied to the reflection theory to examine the development process of cognition.

2) The essence of cognition: cognition is the subject's active reflection of the object on the basis of practice, which not only has the reflective characteristics of reproducing the content of the object, but also has the creative characteristics of the subject's initiative required by practice, and cognition is the subject's active and creative thinking reproduction of the object based on practice.

Dialectical materialism holds that cognition has the following characteristics:

1. Cognition is repetitive From the perspective of the subject of cognition, people's understanding of objective things must always be limited by subjective conditions. From the point of view of the object of cognition, objective things are complex and changing, and there is also a process of exposing and revealing their essence. This determines that people's correct understanding of a thing can only be completed through many iterations from practice to understanding, and then from understanding to practice.

2. Cognition is infinite The object of cognition is the infinitely changing material world, human beings as the subject of cognition are the continuation of the times, and the social practice as the basis of cognition is constantly developing. Therefore, human knowledge is infinitely evolving, and the pursuit of truth is a never-ending process (there is no ultimate truth).

3. Cognition is Progressive and Ascending The repetition and infinity of the cognitive movement show that the pursuit of truth is a wave-like forward or spiraling process.

Dialectical materialist epistemology is an important part of dialectical materialism, which is a scientific epistemic theory about human cognition, cognitive ability, epistemic form, epistemic process and epistemic truth.

It is first and foremost agnostic. Believe that the objective material world is knowable. People are able to understand not only the phenomena of the material world, but also their essence through them.

Human cognition is unlimited, and there are only things in the world that have not yet been known, and there are no things that cannot be known, thus drawing a clear line with agnosticism.

Its basic premise is reflectivity. It is believed that the material world does not exist independently according to people's subjective will, and that human consciousness is the product of the long-term development of matter, the function of the human brain, and the reflection of the material world. Adhering to the materialist line of understanding from objects to sensations and thoughts, and drawing a clear line of line from idealism to understanding from thoughts and sensations to objects.

It is pragmatism. For the first time in the history of human cognition, the scientific concept of practice was introduced into epistemology, and it was believed that practice is the foundation of cognition, the first of cognition, the driving force of cognition development, the purpose of cognition, and the only criterion for testing the truth of cognition. It applies dialectics to epistemology, emphasizing that human cognition is a process of deepening and dynamic dialectical development.

The dialectic of understanding is manifested in the relationship between understanding and practice, and understanding comes from practice, which in turn guides practice and serves practice. It is manifested in the process of understanding, people's understanding of the world is not completed at one time, but is a process of repeated and infinitely deepened.

Dialectical materialist epistemology mainly includes: 1. the occurrence, development and nature of cognition; 2. Understand the basic laws of motion; 3. The truth of knowledge and its test criteria; 4. The dialectical unity of truth and value.