What are the limitations of atomic structure?

Schematic]: Legal]:

1-2 electron layer: 1 layer, schematic: 1-2

3-10 electron layer: 2 layers, schematic diagram: 2 1-2 81-18 electron layer:

3 layers, schematic diagram: 2 8 1-2 8 819-20 electronic layer: 4 layers, schematic diagram:

2 8 8 1-2 8 8 221-30 is the non-master element, and the schematic diagram is 2 8 9 2-2 8 18 2.

That's all there are three things. Bohr.

The model of atomic structure is the content of the old quantum theory. The old quantum theory is based on classical mechanics.

A transitional theory based on the introduction of some quantization hypotheses, such as Bohr's atomic model, which imposes a fixed state of electron orbitals, and the movement of electrons does not radiate energy.

The old quantum theory had some successes. But since it did not completely abandon the classical theory of mechanics, it encountered unsolvable difficulties. The above three difficulties have plagued Bohr and others for ten years. By the time the new quantum quantities are established, these problems will be solved.

Rutherford's nuclear model (planetary model) negates Thomson's "watermelon model," but it is not the most perfect. Later experiments further showed that the electrons in the atom do not have a fixed orbit like the planets orbit the sun, but form an electron cloud distributed around the outer nucleus. It is impossible to explain how electrons are stably outside the nucleus.

Nucleus structure model: There is a very small nucleus in the center of the atom, called the nucleus, all the positive charge and almost all the mass of the atom are concentrated in the nucleus, and the negatively charged electrons revolve around the nucleus in the outer space of the nucleus, this model is also called the "planetary model".

Rutherford's nucleus model does not conform to the concept of an electron cloud in quantum mechanics, because the electrons in an atom do not move around the nucleus like a planet orbiting the sun, but appear somewhere in the electron orbit in a probabilistic way, and the electron cloud is denser where there is a high probability of occurrence.

The number in the figure represents the smallest unit of indivisible positive and negative electromagnetic information - qubits (Qubit) (name physicist John. John Wheeler famously said, "It from bit."

After the development of quantum information research, this concept was sublimated to the point that everything originates from qubits) Note: Bits are bits.

Although the nucleated model proposed by Rutherford has a good experimental basis.

However, according to the classical electromagnetic theory, since the electrons moving around the nucleus are in variable velocity, they will constantly radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic waves, and the radiation frequency is equal to the frequency of the electrons rotating around the nucleus. As a result, the energy of the entire atomic system will continue to decrease, the frequency will gradually change, and the emission spectrum should be continuous. This is inconsistent with the experimental facts of atomic linear spectroscopy.

At the same time, as the electrons constantly radiate energy, they will eventually fall on the nucleus.

Therefore, according to classical theory, Rutherford's nuclear model could not be a stable system. In this way, the classical theory encounters insurmountable difficulties in dealing with the movement of electrons within atoms.

The contradiction between the nucleated model of the atom and classical physics.

The Rutherford model only illustrates the internal structure of the atom, but does not explain the distribution of peripheral electrons and their motion, so further theoretical and experimental studies must be carried out.

The Achilles' heel of the Rutherford atomic model is that the electric field forces between the positive and negative charges do not meet the stability requirement, i.e., they cannot explain how the electrons are stably outside the nucleus.

Only the mass distribution of atoms can be studied, but not their electric distribution, electrons and their motion.

I don't know what to say nonsense.

The defects of Thomson's model of atomic structure are that the positive charges in the atom are not uniformly distributed, but concentrated in the nucleus-shaped region (nucleus) in the center, the electrons move at high speed rather than at rest, and the electron configuration has orbitals.

Thomson speculated that there must be positively charged matter in the atoms, and from this he proposed a new atomic model: the atoms were spherical and filled with positive charges, while the negatively charged electrons were embedded in them like raisins. This is the atom's "raisin pudding" model.

1897 Thomson's Model An atom is a positively charged ball with electrons embedded in it, and the atom resembles a "pudding".

The raisin pudding model, proposed by Thomson, was the first atomic model to have a subatomic structure.

Based on the discovery of electrons, Thomson proposed a raisin pudding model of atoms, and Thomson argued:

The electrons are evenly distributed throughout the atom, as if scattered in a uniform ocean of positive charges, their negative charges cancel each other out with those positive charges. When excited, the electrons leave the atoms, producing cathode rays.

Rutherford, a student of Thomson, completed the particle bombardment gold leaf experiment (scattering experiment), which denied the correctness of the raisin pudding model.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Thomson proposed the jujube cake model of the atom: the atom is a sphere, the positive charge is evenly distributed throughout the ball, and the electrons are embedded in the atom like the dates in the jujube cake

The flaw is that this model fails to recognize that the positive charges in the atom are not uniformly distributed, but concentrated in the central nucleus, that the electrons move at high speed rather than at rest, and that the electron configuration has orbitals.

Well, forty-two is still missing.

Answer: For a large system, if we do not go through system analysis to divide the whole, it is very difficult to directly use the screen to simulate one by one; For a large number of computational and logical program modules, it is difficult for the prototype method to construct a model for human evaluation. For the problems of poor management of the original foundation and chaotic information processing process, there are certain difficulties in the use of the prototype method. For a batch system, most of which is an internal process, it is difficult to use the prototype method.

Thank you for the hard work

Only simple atoms such as hydrogen atoms can be explained, and it does not take into account the interactions between electrons.

Replace the classical mechanical equations in Bohr's model with the equations of quantum mechanics.

1.Matter is not all made up of atoms, some are made of molecules, and some are made of ions.

2.An atom is not a solid sphere and can be divided.

3.The properties and masses of atoms of the same species are not necessarily equal. For example, the hydrogen atom: h, some have a neutron inside, and some have no neutron. (Legendary isotopes).

4.Matter is made up of atoms directly, and it's pure nonsense...

Sunflower autograph.

The stationary state assumes that electrons orbit in a specific circular orbit outside the nucleus and do not radiate energy outward.

Angular momentum quantization assumes that the angular momentum of electrons is quantized, i.e., mvr=nh2.

The frequency condition is that the electron jumps from a higher energy level to a lower energy level and emits a photon, and its frequency satisfies: h = e2-e1.

Just these three. Spectra you should understand why they are discrete lines.

The limitation is that it still retains the thinking of classical physics, and it is not thorough. Because he is also a model of planetary orbits in classical physics.