The historical background of the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty and what are the main contents of

Before the First Sino-Japanese War, China's social economy had undergone obvious changes under the aggression of foreign powers: on the one hand, due to the continuous increase in treaty ports, the dumping of a large number of foreign goods affected China's natural economy (first of all, near treaty ports) and began to disintegrate;

At the same time, a large number of local goods were exported, and the status of the vassal of the capitalist world market gradually took shape. On the other hand, China's social and economic structure began to change: after the Opium War, foreign capitalist economic components, bureaucratic capitalist embryonic economy, and national capitalist economy appeared in China one after another.

The First Sino-Japanese War brought about profound changes in China's social economy: First, the war directly destroyed the feudal economic foundation in some parts of China. The Japanese army invaded the Liaodong Peninsula and the Shandong Peninsula, and the local people were ravaged, the social productive forces were greatly damaged, and the losses were heavy.

Second, the huge amount of reparations after the war forced the Qing Dynasty to make three major political loans, and the heavy debt burden was pressed on the heads of the Chinese people, and the foreign powers controlled China's financial and economic lifeline. This has caused China to continue to flow out in large numbers, making China poor, enriching the great powers, and continuing to destroy China's social economy.

After the signing of the Xinchou Treaty, the Qing Dynasty and the army were unable to cope with the political situation at that time, and there was also a serious financial deficit, which made the Qing Dynasty rule feel that its dominance had begun to waver; In order to achieve the goal of "governing China with China", the foreign invaders put pressure on the Qing Dynasty to quickly change its current state of incompetence.

In the last years of the Qing Dynasty, the imperialist aggressive forces were dealt a heavy blow by the Chinese people, and foreign invaders, in order to achieve the goal of occupying China, began to exert pressure on the Qing Dynasty to quickly change its current state of incompetence, and the Qing Dynasty and the army at that time were unable to cope with the political situation at that time, and there was also a serious financial deficit, which made the Qing Dynasty rulers feel that their dominance began to waver, so maintaining the rule of the Qing Dynasty became an important issue for the rulers.

From 1901 to 1905, the Qing Dynasty successively promulgated more than 30 edicts to implement new policies. The main contents are:

1) Reform the bureaucratic system. In the 27th year of Guangxu (1901), at the request of the imperialist powers, the Qing court abolished the Prime Minister's Yamen for National Affairs and established the Ministry of Foreign Affairs instead. In order to meet the needs of the "New Deal", the Ministry of Commerce and the Military Training Department were set up in the 29th year of Guangxu, and the patrol police department and the school department were added in the 31st year of Guangxu.

During this period, the governor of Hedong Province, the governors of Yunnan, Hubei, and Guangdong provinces, as well as the "redundant officials" such as the Zhan Shifu and the General Administration Department, were successively abolished, and it was announced that the cadres would be eliminated from service, the donation of real officials should be stopped, and the extortion "bad rules" and "**" should be abolished.

2) Reform the economy. Dispatch staff to manage commerce, industry, mining and railways. In addition, the Commercial Law was formulated, and the "Commercial Law", "Articles of Association for the Trial of Company Registration", "Concise Articles of Association of the Chamber of Commerce", "Articles of Association for Rewarding Companies", "Articles of Association for Mining Affairs", "Articles of Association for Trial Banks", etc.

In 1905, the Ministry of Commerce set up the Chen Qing Liaison Institute and the Higher Industrial School in Beijing, and opened the Hubu Bank. Advocate rewarding industry, revitalizing commerce, encouraging private investment in enterprises and transportation, protecting the rights and interests of industrialists and businessmen, and improving the status of industrialists and businessmen.

3) Reform education. It mainly includes three contents: "suspending the imperial examination", "setting up a school" and "scholarship study tour". In the 27th year of Guangxu, the Qing court set up large, middle and primary schools throughout the country.

In the 28th year of Guangxu, the imperial court once again ordered all provinces to select and send students to the Eastern and Western countries to pay special attention, and those who completed the studies returned to China to give appointments. In the 29th year of Guangxu, the student charter was promulgated. At this time, the method of conferring titles such as Gongsheng, Juren, and Jinshi to graduates of schools at all levels had been implemented, and it was stipulated that those who passed the examination according to the imperial examination system must enter the Beijing Normal University Hall and study separately.

Later, he promulgated the "Statute of the Concert School", which was the first modern school system in China to be promulgated in the form of law and implemented throughout the country. In the 31st year of Guangxu, it was officially announced that the imperial examination system would be abolished from the following year.

4) Reform the military system and organize and train a new army. In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu, the Qing court abolished the martial arts. In the 29th year of Guangxu, a military training office was established in Beijing.

He also ordered all provinces to set up supervision and training offices to lead the provinces in organizing and training new armies. In the thirtieth year of Guangxu, the "Army Academy Measures" was promulgated. Sending international students to study military affairs abroad.

5) Reform the law. In the 28th year of Guang Buried, the Qing court referred to the laws of Western countries and revised the "Great Qing Laws and Regulations". In the 31st year of Guangxu, torture such as beheading, Ling Chi, and black face was abolished.

In addition, laws prohibiting foot binding, opium, and intermarriage between Manchus and Han were promulgated. and began to compile a new code. Wait a minute.

1.Raise salaries and train new soldiers.

2.Revitalize business and reward industry.

3.Abolish the imperial examination and cultivate talents and promote learning.

4.Reform the bureaucratic system and rectify the rule of officials.