The procedure for making ceramics, the steps for making ceramics

1. Billet making: The method of billet making is divided into hand forming (hand kneading, soil strips, soil chips hollowing, blank drawing, etc.) and mold forming (mold forming can be reproduced in large quantities). Second, the shade is dry:

The speed of drying depends on the size, thickness and climate of the work, about a week or so in normal weather, if you need to accelerate drying, you can blow the green billet with an electric fan until the surface is discolored, then discharge it in the electric kiln, and dry it at a kiln temperature of 10 20 amperes at a temperature of 200 degrees C, at this time the kiln cover needs to be opened about 20 cm, so that the steam in the adobe is discharged. 3. Plain firing: When the adobe is hard to leather, use smooth stones, spoons, light bulbs、、、 and other utensils with smooth surfaces to polish the body to make its surface smooth.

After the plain is fired, it is not glazed, and paper, sawdust, branches, leaves, rice husks, sugarcane, etc. can be used outside the kiln to use the smoked dyeing works to transform the surface of the body into a black and bright effect. You can also use tin foil to wrap the work and wood chips and put it in an electric kiln to burn to 500 degrees C to achieve the smoking effect. Fourth, glaze color:

After the green body is fired at a high temperature glaze, the pigment of the glaze color is applied to the green body, and it is completed after the third kiln firing. (Glaze color is mostly treated with low temperature [700 900 degrees C], and because the glaze raw materials contain lead, special attention needs to be paid to safety when using glaze to make edible utensils.) Fifth, underglaze color:

First, some special color materials are painted on the body, and then glazed, and the work presents a special effect after the glaze is fired. (The glaze is like a protective film, covering the pigment, and it is burned at a high temperature of 1100°C to 1200°C, so it is safer.) ）

Remember.

There are many types of pottery, and modern pottery has a sculptural type. Mold type, there is also the form of blank, what kind of specific you need can be found inside, I also learn pottery, once also watched the master of Jingdezhen pull the blank**.

The steps to make ceramics are as follows:

1. Mud training. Porcelain stone is taken from the mining area, first manually crushed with an iron hammer to an egg-sized block, and then beaten into powder with water, washed, removed impurities, and precipitated into brick-like mud.

Then mix the mud with water, remove the slag, rub it with both hands, or step on it with your feet, and squeeze out the air in the mud with a smile, and make the moisture in the mud even.

2. Blank drawing. Throw the mud ball in the center of the turntable of the roller car, and pull out the general appearance of the body with the flexion and extension of the hand. Blank drawing is the first process of molding. First of all, we must be familiar with the shrinkage rate of the mud.

3. Printing blank. The shape of the impression is rotated according to the inner shape arc of the blank, and the blank that is dried until it is semi-dry is covered on the mold, and the outer wall of the blank is evenly patted, and then the mold is removed.

4. Billet. The billet is placed on the sharp barrel of the roller car, the car disc is rotated, and the knife is rotated, and the section is matched to make the thickness of the billet body appropriate, and the surface and the inside are smooth and clean, which is a process with high technical requirements. The billet, also known as the "repair billet" or "rotary billet", is the key link to finally determine the shape of the utensil, and make the surface of the utensil smooth, coherent and consistent.

Internal and external repair is an extremely important molding technology in Jingdezhen porcelain-making process and superior to other kiln systems, and it is a unique technical guarantee for the formation of Jingdezhen ceramic style.

5. Drying blanks. The processed billet is placed on a wooden frame to dry.

6. Engraving. Bamboo, bone, or iron knives are used to carve patterns on the dried body.

7. Glazing. Ordinary round ware is glazed or glazed. Blowing glaze for cutters or large round ware. Most ceramic products need to be glazed before they can be fired in the kiln. The glazing process may seem simple, but it is an extremely important and difficult process to master.

It is not easy to achieve the uniform glaze layer of each part of the green body, the appropriate thickness and the different fluidity of various glazes.

8. Firing kiln. First of all, the ceramic products are loaded into the comic finger sagger, which is a container for ceramic products to be baked, made of refractory materials, and the function is to prevent the porcelain blank from being in direct contact with the kiln fire and avoid pollution, especially for white porcelain firing.

9. Painting. The glaze color such as five-colored, pastel, etc., is to depict the pattern and fill the color on the glazed surface of the porcelain that has been fired, and then enter the red furnace to burn and bake at a low temperature, with a temperature of about 700-800 degrees.

The brief steps to make ceramics are as follows:

1.Mud Practice:

The raw materials of the porcelain fetus, kaolin and porcelain stone, are polished, removed and kneaded, and then blended into porcelain clay used to make porcelain. Billet making: After molding, etc., the porcelain clay is made into the desired porcelain shape, and the billet tire is cooled to semi-dry, and then placed on the turn, and the surface is rotated with a knife to ensure the smooth appearance of the porcelain.

Finally, according to the need, carving knives of different materials (iron, bone, wood, etc.) are used to carve patterns on the outside. Through the different glazing sequences of porcelain, porcelain is divided into two different types: "underglaze color" and "overglaze color".

2.Glazing:

Depending on the geometry of the porcelain, there are different ways of glazing. Round-mouthed porcelain (a type of vessel with a round diameter that is formed by the blank drawing method) soaks the porcelain body in a glaze paste. Larger porcelain, or irregularly shaped porcelain, is glazed by blowing glaze.

Regardless of the method, it is important to ensure the uniform dispersion of the glaze paste.

3.Underglaze:

Household porcelain and Chinese blue and white porcelain from the Yuan Dynasty fall into this category: pigments are applied directly to unglazed porcelain and then glazed. Because the pigment is encased under the glaze, the color can be preserved for a long time and is not easily worn out.

However, due to the application of underglaze color, the pigment will be burned at a high temperature for about 1 day, which will lead to the color change of some porcelain, so the color of the porcelain of underglaze color will change more.

4.Overglaze:

The uncolored porcelain is glazed and put into the kiln to sinter into plain porcelain, and then colored after cooling, and put it into a kiln at a relatively low temperature (about 700 900) for secondary sintering. This practice can ensure that the pattern and color of the glaze are colorful, but long-term exposure or use will cause the surface to wear and tear, resulting in color loss.

Ceramics is a general term for pottery and porcelain. Pottery was invented as early as the Neolithic Age, about 8,000 years ago. Common ceramic materials are clay, alumina, kaolin, etc.

Ceramic materials generally have high hardness, but the plasticity of the missing answer ballast is poor. In addition to being used in food utensils and decoration, ceramics also play an important role in the development of science and technology.

How to make ceramics is as follows:

1.Mud training: Porcelain stone is taken from the mining area, which is manually crushed with an iron hammer to an egg-sized block, and then beaten into powder with water, washed, removed impurities, and precipitated into brick-like mud.

Then mix the mud with water, remove the slag, and rub it with both hands to squeeze out the air in the mud. This porcelain stone processing method has a long history and should be synchronized with the history of porcelain making in Jingdezhen.

2.Blank drawing: Blank drawing is the first process of molding.

Jingdezhen porcelain is famous all over the world, in addition to the local "heaven-given" high-quality clay, it is basically those "ghostly" skills that turn these ordinary "things" into human "pets". First of all, we must be familiar with the shrinkage rate of the mud.

3.Blank: The shape of the impression is rotated according to the shape arc of the blank, and the blank that is dried until it is semi-dry is covered on the mold, and the outer wall of the blank is evenly patted, and then the mold is removed.

4.Billet: Cover the blank on the barrel of the roller car, turn the clever moving disc, and rotate it with a knife to make the thickness of the billet body appropriate, and the surface and the inside are smooth, which is a process with high technical requirements.

This process with a vertical key is first to put the yellow mud on the so-called billet car, and then sit on the car, with special tools to make the surface of the utensils smooth, coherent and consistent, and make the mud show a white color, is an extremely important process in ceramic molding, and finally determine the shape of the slender utensils.

5.Drying blanks: Place the processed blanks on a wooden frame to dry.

6.Engraving: Carving patterns on dried bodies with knives made of bamboo, bone or iron.

7.Glazing: The glazing process is a kind of ancient ceramic production technology, which is to apply glaze slurry on the surface of the molded ceramic body.

There are mainly seven methods such as dipping glaze, swinging glaze, pouring glaze, brushing glaze, sprinkling glaze, wheel glaze, etc., according to the different shapes and thicknesses of the body, the corresponding glazing method is adopted. Since the Yuan Dynasty, the history of Chinese porcelain painting and decoration.

8.Kiln: First of all, the ceramic products are loaded into the sagger, the role of the box is to prevent the porcelain blank from direct contact with the kiln fire, to avoid pollution, especially for the white porcelain firing is the most beneficial.

The kiln firing time process is about one day and night, and the temperature is about 1300 degrees. First build the kiln door, light the kiln, the fuel is pine firewood, the Tsubaki technical guidance, measure the fire, grasp the kiln temperature changes, and decide the ceasefire time.

The steps for making ceramics are as follows:

Mud practice: After the porcelain stone is taken from the mining area, it is first broken into an egg-sized block with a hammer, and then beaten into powder with water, washed to remove impurities, and when it settles, you can see the diamond-shaped mud.

Then mix the mud with water to remove the dirt, rub it with both hands, let the air in the mud next to it emit out, and at the same time make the moisture in the mud more uniform.

Blank drawing, blank printing:

The second step in making ceramics is pulling. Throw the mud ball in the center of the turntable of the roller car, follow the bending, stretching, retracting and retracting of the technique and then pull out the general appearance of the body. In fact, drawing blank is the first link of molding.

If you want to draw the blank molding, you must first grasp the shrinkage rate of the mud. In general, the total shrinkage rate of Jingdezhen porcelain clay is 18 to 20%.

Billet and dry billet.

Put the blank on the sharp barrel of the roller car, then turn the car plate, take the knife to rotate, and finally make the thickness of the blank body appropriate, and the inside and outside are smooth, in fact, this is a very technically demanding procedure. Write it down and dry it, you just need to put the processed blank on the hanger to dry.

Engraving, glazing:

The next step in making ceramics is to take a knife made of bamboo, bone or iron and carve a pattern on the dried body. Then use a round ware to use the glaze. It must be consistent in the glaze layer of each part of the embryo body, and the thickness must be appropriate, and it is also necessary to look at the different fluidity of the various glazes.

Kiln: Put the finished ceramics into the sagger, and then the kiln time generally takes a day and night, and the temperature is controlled at about 1300 degrees. In the end, you just need to draw patterns and fill in the colors on the ceramic, but then remember to put it in a red furnace at a temperature of about 700 to 800 degrees Celsius.

Painting: After the blank body is fired at a high temperature glaze, the pigment on the glaze is applied to the body, and it is completed after the third kiln firing. Some special color materials are painted on the body, and then glazed, and the work is made to show a special effect after the glaze is fired.

The ceramic production process can be divided into four stages: raw material making (glaze and clay production), molding, glazing and firing.

The production of raw materials is divided into:

1. Glaze production.

Glaze Ball grinding fine (ball mill) Iron removal (iron remover) Sieving (vibrating screen) Finished glaze.

2. Clay production.

Mud, ball grinding fine crushing (ball mill), mixing (mixer), iron removal (iron remover), sieving (vibrating screen), slurry pumping (mud pump), sludge pressing (filter press), vacuum mud refining (mud machine, mixing machine).

Molding is divided into: blank forming method, mud plate forming method, mud strip disc making method, freehand kneading method, and manual sculpture molding.

Drying of ceramics is one of the very important processes in the production process of ceramics, and a large part of the quality defects of ceramic products are caused by improper drying. Fast drying speed, energy saving, high quality, and pollution-free ceramics are the basic requirements for drying technology in the new century.

The drying of the ceramic industry has gone through natural drying, chamber drying, and now continuous dryers, far-infrared dryers, solar dryers and microwave drying technologies for various heat sources.

Although drying is a relatively simple technology, it is widely used in industrial processes, which is not only related to the quality and yield of ceramic products, but also affects the overall energy consumption of ceramic enterprises.

According to statistics, the energy consumption in the drying process accounts for 15% of the total fuel consumption of the industry, and in the ceramic industry, the energy consumption used for drying accounts for the proportion of the total fuel consumption far more than this, so the energy saving of the drying process is a major event related to the energy saving of the enterprise.