What were the characteristics and effects of the Han Dynasty system of electing officials?

The Han Dynasty used the inspection system and the expropriation system. Probation is a system of selecting talents as officials from the bottom up, and recruitment is a system of selecting officials from the top down, and the impact is to give the children of poor families the opportunity to go on the road.

The Han Dynasty adopted a system of combining election and hereditary, and some of the ** were elected from the bottom up, with a broad popular base, giving civilians a chance to change their fate from the bottom up and become officials. This is inseparable from the fact that the establishment of the Han Dynasty itself began at the end of the year.

The official election system of the Han Dynasty includes: the inspection system, the nine-rank Zhongzheng system, and the imperial examination system. However, since the birth of the imperial examination system and until the end of the imperial examination system, there have been factors such as family background, interpersonal networks, power-for-money transactions, and personal preferences that have impacted and interfered with the principle of fair competition.

To put it simply, the official election system of the Han Dynasty had a levy system and an inspection system, the probation system was selected based on the evaluation of others, and the levy system was recommended from below, in short, it was not as scientific as the imperial examination system.

Inspection system: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered the county to recommend one person each of filial piety and honesty every year, and established a talent selection system. Filial piety became the main way for scholars to become officials.

Levy system: A top-down system of selecting officials, in which the emperor recruits and eliminates the government, prefecture and county. Most of the former are celebrities with high reputation, excellent character and learning, and most of the conscripts are in important positions.

Election is a system of selecting talents as officials from the bottom up, which is the most important way for the two Han Dynasty to select officials, which is conducive to recruiting all kinds of talents.

Every year, one person is recommended for filial piety and honesty, and a talent selection system is established. Filial piety has become the main way for scholars to become officials, and the only way for the Hanmen scholars to get ahead.

For Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he found that the official is always the son of **, so he agreed to Dong Zhongshu's suggestion and began to use the probation system to give the children of the Han family a chance.

It is mainly the use of the probation system, which is determined through the assessment of the best character, which to a certain extent causes corruption in the later selection process.

Filial piety and honesty, that is, the probation system, but the recommender is required to be fair and just, and then the system gradually ossified, the hereditary replacement of the public secretary's family, and the government is corrupt.

The Han Dynasty's official election system was relatively strict, which was basically divided into the following steps:

1.After recommendation: ** recommended by local officials and yamen, or to the emperor to state his merits and profound knowledge as a scholar or a famous family. After the emperor's approval, it is reviewed by the Daxingtai (deliberative body) and its name is reported to the ****.

2.After the preliminary examination: the history of the **** of the imperial service will conduct a preliminary verification of the applicant's life, professional experience, family background, social reputation, etc., and conduct a preliminary determination of the first qualification.

3.After the examination of the Imperial Historical Observatory: After the candidates are determined, the Imperial Servant submits them to the Imperial Historical Observatory, and the Imperial Historical Observatory presides over the official examination to examine their respective literary talents.

4.With the approval of Shangshutai and the Prime Minister: If the Yushitai has passed the customs, an official letter will be issued, registered with Shangshutai, and submitted to the Prime Minister for review, and the Prime Minister will decide whether the person is suitable for the position and whether to appoint him.

5.Reward: **After the above procedures are screened layer by layer, awarded by the emperor, the power and dignity are increasing day by day, and if the performance is excellent, you may also receive a shadow seal (lower **) or reward.

The Han Dynasty's official election system attached great importance to cultural accomplishment and had certain opportunities for promotion, but for ordinary people, it was still very difficult to know that they wanted to participate in politics and become officials, and they needed to have certain life experience and economic conditions.

The official system of the Han Dynasty implemented the system of three princes and nine secretaries, and the prime minister had greater power. The prime minister, the imperial captain, is called the three dukes, and the prime minister is in charge of administration and is the head of civil officials; The lieutenant is in charge of the military and is the head of the military attaché; The Imperial Historian is in charge of supervision and assists the Prime Minister in taking charge of political affairs. In the Han Dynasty, there was an unwritten rule that one must be the imperial historian before he could become the prime minister.

The electoral system of the Han Dynasty was a probationary system, which was mainly based on local recommendations, supplemented by examinations, and examinations and recommendations were complementary. After the recommendation, it will be reviewed by the exam; Only after passing the review can we be hired. Whether it is a special virtuous and upright, or a year of filial piety and honesty, Maocai, they must go through the first retest.

During the period of Emperor Wu, Taixue was the first public school in ancient China, specializing in cultivating talented scholars.

In order to meet the needs of the increasingly large bureaucracy for officials, the rulers of the Han Dynasty gradually established and formed a set of systems for selecting and promoting ruling talents. This system includes a variety of methods such as emperor recruitment and private recommendation, but the most institutionalized is inspection, that is, the local (including ** departments) governor is responsible for inspecting and recommending talents, and the imperial court hires them as officials.

Changes in the ancient system of electing officials.

1.Xia, Shang, and Zhou eras:"Shiqing Shilu system", which prevailed in the Xia, Shang and Zhou eras.

The end of primitive society,"The world is for the public"After the destruction of the Zen concession system of selecting talents and talents, it appeared"The adult world and the courtesy"of hereditary system. The hereditary system is characterized by the unification of royal power and clan power. It determines the appointment of **at all levels** through family blood relations, and determines the rank and dignity and rank according to blood kinship.

2.Qin State: The awarding of knighthoods according to military merits broke the system of hereditary titles of slave owners and nobles, and was conducive to the enhancement of the power of the emerging landlord class.

3.Two Han Dynasty: The Han Dynasty established a complete set of election system for electing talents, including the inspection system and the conscription system.