A review of immunodiagnostic techniques in pathogenic microbiology

Summary. Pathogenic microorganisms refer to microorganisms that can cause human diseases, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, etc. Immunology is the study of the body's immune mechanism, focusing on the body's immune response to external pathogens, as well as the immune power to identify internal harmful substances.

What are pathogenic microorganisms? What is Immunology?

What are pathogenic microorganisms? What is Immunology?

Pathogenic microorganisms refer to microorganisms that can cause human diseases, including viruses, bacteria, Eumorphic bacteria, protozoa, etc. Immunology is the study of the immune mechanism of the human body, mainly focusing on the body's immune response to external pathogens, as well as the immune power to identify internal harmful substances.

Bacteria: Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms.

Fungi: Fungi are eukaryotic organisms.

Virus: A cell-free structure that is made up of nucleic acids and proteins.

Fungi and animals and plants are eukaryotic organisms, which are divided into yeast (which can make wine), molds (the one who grows mold), and mushrooms (mushrooms, morels, etc.). Yeast is unicellular and others are multicellular. Many yeasts are beneficial to humans, and can be used to make wine, vinegar, etc.

The fungus is also edible and some are poisonous. Mold is mostly harmful to people. Bacteria are prokaryotes and are unicellular.

Bacteria are the most harmful to people, but relatively speaking, bactericidal drugs are also the most effective and effective. Viruses are non-cellular organisms, so they are the smallest and generally parasitize in the cells of other organisms, so they are very harmful and difficult to kill.

Hepatitis B virus is a DNA virus, infiltrating the body and invading liver cells, because the virus itself does not have the ability to replicate genetic material, so it must use the host cell (liver cell) to provide him with raw materials, such as nucleotides, enzymes, amino acids, etc., and his ability to reproduce is very fast, so the host cell will soon age and die because there is no raw material to multiply.

HIV is an RNA virus, mainly invades T lymphocytes, using the raw materials of T lymphocytes for replication, resulting in the eventual lysis and death of T lymphocytes, the human body because of the decrease in the number of T lymphocytes, so humoral immunity has been affected, and finally because a small cold pathogen can be fatal, the HIV incubation period is generally 2 to 10 years.

Hello, IV infection is divided into acute phase, asymptomatic phase, and AIDS phase.

a) Acute phase: usually occurs about 2-4 weeks after the initial HIV infection. The main clinical manifestations are fever, sore throat, night sweats, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, arthralgia, lymphadenopathy and neurological symptoms.

Most patients have mild clinical symptoms that last 1 to 3 weeks and then resolve. At this stage, HIV RNA and p24 antigens are detected in the blood, while HIV antibodies do not appear until several weeks after infection. The CD4+ T lymphocyte count is transiently reduced, and the CD4 to CD8 ratio can be inverted.

2) Asymptomatic phase: It can enter this phase from the acute stage, or directly enter this stage without obvious acute symptoms. This period generally lasts 6-8 years.

But there are also those who progress rapidly and those who do not progress for a long time. The length of this period is related to various factors such as the number and type of infected virus, the route of infection, and the immune status of the body.

3) AIDS stage: the final stage after HIV infection.

The patient's CD4+ T lymphocyte count decreased significantly, with a < of more than 200 mm3, and the HIV plasma viral load was significantly increased. The main clinical manifestations in this stage are HIV-related symptoms, various opportunistic infections, and tumors.