Tujia folk customs, folk customs, folk songs, folk dances, dialects

It belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family of the Sino-Tibetan language family, and the attribution of the language branch has not yet been determined. There is very little written material. Now, with the exception of a few places, the Tujia language has gradually disappeared.

In history, the Tujia dialect was widely used in the Enshi area of Hubei Province and the Tujia Autonomous County along the river in Guizhou Province, and in the Sui Dynasty, there were many miscellaneous "barbarian left" in Jingzhou, and in the middle of the Qing Dynasty, there were also records of "old households from Li, and many incomprehensible village talks".

In the historical books, there are many names named after the Tujia dialect, and in the actual place names, there are still many Tujia dialect place names.

The origin of the dialect.

The Tujia dialect is a unique ethnic language of the Tujia people, belonging to the Tibeto-Burman language family of the Sino-Tibetan language family, and the ownership of the language branch has not yet been determined. There are few written materials, and because of the mixed living with the Han people, the Han language has gradually become a common communication tool among all ethnic groups. Now, with the exception of a few places, the Tujia language has gradually disappeared.

Historically, the Shijia dialect was widely used in the Enshi area of Hubei Province and the Tujia Autonomous County along the river in Guizhou Province, and in the Sui Dynasty, there were many "barbarian leftists" in Jingzhou, and "those who lived in the valley did not understand the language."

In the Song Dynasty, "the land of Shizhou"; "The villagers are barbarians, and the Ba and Chinese are mixed"; In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, there was also a record of "old households from Li, and there are many incomprehensible village talks". In the historical books, there are many names named after the Tujia dialect, and in the actual place names, there are still many Tujia dialect place names.

The Tujia language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family and the Tibeto-Burman language family.

The number of Ha should correspond to the rules.

The Tujia dialect is (also known as the local dialect), which is easy to pronounce and sounds pleasant to the ear, and is a unique communication language created by the Tujia people in their long-term social production and life. The part is collected at the end (note: the dialect is in quotation marks, and the Chinese annotation is after the dash) for everyone to share.

One-word dialect (6): smack" drink; "Catch", "worship", "engage" eat; "Evenly" divided; "Play" play. Two-character dialect (64):

"Fire color" is solid, powerful, capable, good rigidity, and not easy to deal with; Rare guests" guests who have not seen each other for a long time; "Awakening" sensible and mature; "Recognize red" take the initiative to bear a fault; "Answer" agrees and heeds; "Male guest" husband; "Female guest", "cousin" wife, wife; "Ha Shu" ability, grasp, and know; "Engage in the head" board eye; "Whole wine" is a treat for happy events; "Rite and Innovation" rules; "Door-to-door" meeting; "Da Da" wrestling; "Smoke and smoke" rest; "Lost back" is unlucky and unlucky; "Acid sour" pretends; "Naidai" dirty; "Liso" clean; "Extraordinary" is strange; "Kuoren" unites people; "Passing in the middle" - eating Chinese food; "Kill the night" Eat in the middle of the night; "Passing the time", the elders give money and goods to the younger ones; "Separation" leads to disaster; "Fit" matches, is good; "Profile" measures the size; "Move the energy" competition, compare with one another; "Pile up" together, concentrate; "Chang" tells a story; "Break up" separated, ended; "" meddling; "Pair of claws" face to face; "In-laws" The father of the married man and the woman call each other; "Veterans" are experienced; "conspicuous" is obvious; "Appreciate the new" for the first time; "Bad fire" is unreliable; "Duty" Honesty; "Simply" simply; "To get" Yes; "posterity" young people; "Tired" can't keep up the spirit; "Fatigue" is slow; "Slippery" action is fast; "The Gate" How; "Red-eyed" fear that others will surpass you; "Wrapping" and "twisting" are entangled; "Ga-style" and "driving microphone" begin; "High head", "on the skin" above; "Hanging" and "Pulling" together, shared; "Tearing the skin", "engaging in tendons", and "splitting" are not united; "", "blistering" proud, limelight; "Incitement of the scriptures" and "incitement of diao" ideas; "Bragging", "Ribai" chatting. Three-character dialect (35): "Ha cluck" surprise, exclamation; "Kidnapping" is bad; "Fall face to the ground"; "Flip fork" falls with your back to the ground; "Falling to the bottom" is not angry, and there is no interest; "Gang of Trouble" is disappointing; "Tie the gang" to enjoy together; "Langchanger" place; "Bastards" loafers; "Stretch face" try your best to be a person; The "chang" guy is disappointing; "Small Baby" children, minors; "Ghost Name" method, tricks; "Kidnapping" is not easy to explain; "Wait a minute; "Erhuang cavity" people who don't understand reason; The "low garr" is small.

1. Festivals. The Tujia people attach great importance to traditional festivals, from the beginning of the year to the end of the year, it can be said that there are festivals every month. The New Year's Festival (over the New Year), the Lantern Festival, the February Sheri, the Flower Dynasty Festival, the March Cold Food Festival, the Qingming Festival, the Eighth Ox King Festival in April, the Dragon Boat Festival in May, the Sixth Xiangwang Festival in June, the Qiqiao Festival in July, the Daughter's Meeting, the Half Moon Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival on August 15, the Double Ninth Festival in September, the "Winter Clothes Festival" on the first day of October, etc., are all more important festivals.

2. Marriage and love. Marriage in the history of the Tujia family was relatively free, and both men and women could become husband and wife after free love, with the consent of both parents, and with the testimony of the teacher (shaman).

In Enshi stone kiln, the top of the mountain and other places, there is the custom of "daughter's meeting", that is, on the twelfth day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar every year, young men and women sing and dance through the "daughter's meeting", love each other, and become lifelong partners.

After the land was changed and returned, the Tujia family was forced to implement an arranged marriage with the orders of their parents and the words of the matchmaker. The Tujia family practiced monogamy, and before liberation, there were customs of cousin marriage and house-filling marriage. Aunt's cousin marriage, that is, the daughter of the aunt's family must marry the son of the uncle's family, also known as "returning bones"; The brother who died and the brother took the sister-in-law, and the brother who died took the sister-in-law, which is called "sitting on the bed".

But these customs no longer exist in modern times.

1. Language: The Tujia people have their own language, and the Tujia language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family of the Sino-Tibetan language family, and the language branch is undetermined. Most people have been living with the Han people for a long time, and they have long begun to use Chinese and Chinese, and only the Yongshun, Longshan, Guzhang and other areas in Hunan still retain the Tujia language intact.

There is no written language in this ethnic group, and the common Chinese language is used.

2. Costumes: Tujia ** is a short coat with large sleeves, a placket on the left jacket, rolled with 2 3 layers of lace, and trimmed trousers; **It is a cardigan. "Catching up with the New Year", that is, celebrating the New Year 2 days in advance, is an important festival.

Tujia men wear pipa shirts and green silk headscarves. Women wear a left placket coat, roll two or three laces, the sleeves are relatively wide, and they wear trimmed trousers or eight Luo skirts, and like to wear all kinds of gold, silver, and jade ornaments.

3. Religious beliefs: Influenced by the Han nationality in terms of religion, they mainly believe in ghosts and gods and worship ancestors. These gods are not their own gods. In the past, there were sorcerers who exorcised ghosts. Some places are Christian. Every New Year's festival should pay great respect to the ancestors, the beginning.

1st and 15th should also be respected. The foods used to worship ancestors include pig's head, dumplings, baba, chickens, ducks, and grains. Some in each meal before the meal, first with chopsticks to clip a small amount of vegetables inserted on the rice to be silent for a while, said that the deceased ancestors are invited to eat first, and then they began to eat, the sixth day of the sixth month of the lunar calendar is to sacrifice to the king of the soil, each village should set up a hand-waving hall, put the pig's head, fruit and other sacrifices in front of the hand-waving hall.

On the first day of October, the winter festival is held, and the chickens and ducks are slaughtered and the feast is set up. In addition, the Tujia family also worships the god of the stove, the god of the land, the god of grains, and the god of pigs, and sacrifices Luban when building a house, and the sacrifice is a big rooster in addition to wine and meat.

4. Residence: The Tujia people love to live in groups, and the houses are built in one village and one village, and there are few single households. The Tujia people take the mountain to build houses, generally stilted buildings, upstairs to live people, downstairs to close livestock.

Building a house requires a backing mountain on the back and a mountain on the face. Generally, there are four rows and three rooms, and the one in the middle should be set up with the ancestral shrine. The two rooms on the left and right sides of the front side are occupied, and most of them are two small rooms, called "small two rooms".

There is a fire shop in front of the small two rooms, and a fire kang is placed in the middle of the fire shop, and the fire kang is used for cooking rice for heating, and an iron tripod is placed on the fire kang. There is a kang frame hanging above the kang to dry the kang items. Especially before the Spring Festival, things such as bacon and sausages used to bake kang are now retained.

5. Customs: Men and women often love each other and marry through songs. There is a habit of "crying and marrying".

Women start crying 7-20 days before marriage, and crying wedding songs include "Female Crying Mother", "Sister Crying Sister", "Scolding the Matchmaker" and so on. At first, it was a soft singing, and the closer to the wedding date, the sadder it became. Until crying, the mouth is dry and the tongue is noisy, and the eyes are red and swollen.

They take whether they are good at crying and marrying as a criterion for measuring a woman's talent.

1. Food customs, before the Yuan Dynasty, the Tu people were mainly engaged in animal husbandry, and the food structure was relatively single, mainly meat and dairy products, and they also ate barley fried noodles. After the Yuan and Ming dynasties, the Tu people gradually turned to an agricultural economy, and their diet was dominated by barley, wheat, and potatoes.

2. Costume customs, traditional men's clothing, wearing a felt hat with brocade trim, a white short coat with embroidered high neck, a colorful embroidery pattern on the chest, a black, blue or purple shoulder coat, or a robe with a wide edge, an embroidered belt at the waist, white cloth socks and moire embroidered cloth shoes.

3. Wedding customs, according to folk and Turkish folklore, in ancient times, Turkish girls did not marry, and men lived from wives to men marrying women. The Daola of the Minhe Tu tribe marries his son first and then his daughter, and the marriage of his son and daughter is full of popularity, which refers to this situation, but this is not reflected in other Turkish areas.

4. The Tujia people are an ethnic group with a long history in China, living in the Wuling Mountains adjacent to Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing and Guizhou. According to the sixth national census in 2010, the Tujia population is about 8,353,912, ranking seventh among China's 55 ethnic minorities, after the Zhuang, Hui, Manchu, Uyghur, Miao and Yi.

1. Tujia marriage customs.

In the past, it was customary for the natives to marry with the same surname. There is "all the daughters of the aunt's family will marry the son of the uncle's family", which is called the bone species. No matter how big or small it is, there is a custom that the daughter of the aunt's family is more than 10 years old, and the son of the uncle must be married".

There is "my aunt's daughter, reach out and take it; Uncle family wants, across the river called". There is also the habit of accepting sister-in-law when a brother dies, and accepting a daughter-in-law when a brother dies, which is called "sitting on the bed". Young men and women are relatively free to marry in love.

When singing and dancing, they love each other, and with the permission of the local teacher, they can get engaged and married. Later, due to the development of the feudal economy and the influence of the Han nationality, marriage was subject to the constraints of "the order of the parents and the words of the matchmaker". When getting engaged or getting married, you must prepare cattle, sheep, meat, wine, and money as a dowry, and some poor families cannot marry for life.

2. Tujia funeral customs.

Tujia people "funeral songs". Playing drums and singing, there is a habit of "dancing the funeral drum". After a person dies, he must sing "filial piety songs", play gongs and drums at night, and stay up all night.

If the old man dies, he will also set up firewood in the mourning hall and burn a fire. After the funeral, the unburned firewood will be divided equally among the children to express the meaning of equal sharing of the inheritance. At the time of the funeral, the Taoist priest beat the coffin with a firewood stick to drive away the ghosts.

The filial son held the tent in front of the coffin, crawled and walked, and the relatives went to the cemetery. When buried, ask the soil teacher to draw gossip in the grave, sprinkle male yellow wine, and put the coffin into the pit, and the filial son must first dig three hoes of mud, and then bury the coffin. For those who die well, put a bamboo stick and an umbrella on the grave; For those who die unnaturally, ask the soil teacher to go up the knife ladder to overdue.

3. Eating habits and characteristics of the Tujia family.

The Tujia people mainly eat miscellaneous grains, such as bud grain, millet, buckwheat, red vetch, etc., and eat less rice. Likes to be fishy, good at drinking. If you cut it too finely, it will be ridiculed as stingy and stingy.

Drink with a clay bowl. For the five flavors, I especially like spicy, every meal is not separated from chili, and there is also the habit of drinking oil tea. That is, "the Tujia people use fried soybeans, bud grains, rice flowers, soybean milk, sesame, mung beans and other things, take water and oil, and pay tribute to the tea leaves.

In the old days, there was also the custom of smacking alcohol.