What does Jiuqing refer to in the Ming Dynasty, and what does Jiuqing mean in ancient history?

In the Ming Dynasty, Jiuqing had the saying of big Jiuqing and small Jiuqing, especially referring to the six ministries and the Inspectorate, the General Administration Department, and the Dali Temple.

The Ming Dynasty Dajiuqing was the six Shangshu, the Governor of the Imperial History, the General Political Envoy, and the Dali Temple;

Xiao Jiuqing is Taichang Temple, Taifu Temple, Guanglu Temple, Zhan Shifu Zhan Shi, Hanlin Bachelor, Honglu Temple, Guozi Priest Wine, Yuanma Temple, Shangbao Temple.

The judicial system of ancient China. "Jiuqing Trial" is a kind of trial organization and system developed in the Qing Dynasty on the basis of the "Jiuqing Round Trial" in the Ming Dynasty. "Jiuqing" includes six Shangshu, Dali Temple, Metropolitan Procuratorate, Zuodu Imperial History, Tongzheng Sitong and other nine important **.

All important cases of national significance, especially the cases of beheading and hanging of prisoners that are adjudicated every year, need to be tried by the highest level of the Jiuqing trial body to show their attention, but the judgment must still be submitted to the emperor for examination and approval. Jiuqing trial, also known as round trial, where the second retraction of the confession is not satisfied, according to the emperor's edict, can be tried by the Jiuqing, that is, by the Dali Temple, the Imperial History of the Zuodu of the Imperial Procuratorate, the political envoy and the officials, households, rites, soldiers, criminals, and workers of the six Shangshu jointly tried, and finally reviewed and approved by the emperor.

Jiuqing refers to the nine important department heads of state organs who are second only to the three princes in the system of three public and nine secretaries.

The First Emperor. After dominating the world, he absorbed the Zhou Dynasty.

Under the premise of the system, a set of first-class institutional systems adapted to the society at that time was established, which was composed of the three dukes (prime minister, Taiwei and Yushi Dafu) and Jiuqing (Fengchang, Tingwei, Zhisu Neishi, Dianke, Lang Zhongling, Shaofu, Weiwei, Taifu, Zongzheng).

After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, the Qin system was basically followed, and the position of the three dukes was continued. The prime minister, one of the three dukes, is the head of the hundred officials who assist the emperor in handling daily affairs. At the beginning of the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, there were two prime ministers on the left and right, and after Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty, only one prime minister was established, and the Han Dynasty was renamed Xiangguo in the eleventh year.

Emperor Han Ai. During the period, Xiangguo was renamed Da Situ.

Taiwei is the commander in charge of military affairs. Emperor.

At the beginning of his accession to the throne, the Empress Dowager Dou intervened in politics. Since the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Huang Lao's learning has been governing the country, after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne to launch a new Confucian policy, every reform in history will inevitably affect the interests of the magnates at that time, and some of the magnates will be to the Empress Dowager Dou.

Complain. The imperial historian Zhao Juan did not want to inform the Empress Dowager of political affairs to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and the Empress Dowager Dou naturally would not let them go after learning about it, so she arranged for someone to collect evidence of Zhao Juan and others, and Zhao Juan and Lang Zhong ordered Wang Zang to be imprisoned. The two committed suicide in prison, and the turmoil also affected Prime Minister Dou Ying and Taiwei Tian Wei.

Unfortunately, Tian Wei became the last lieutenant.

In the fourth year of Yuanzhan (119 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established the post of Great Sima to be in charge of the military.

The Imperial Historian, responsible for supervising the position of a hundred officials, is equivalent to the Deputy Prime Minister, and the general position of the Prime Minister is vacant, and it is replaced by the Imperial Historian.

The rank of the three princes is the prime minister and the Taiwei Wanshi, and the imperial historian is 2,000 stones.

1. Fengchang: the official name of the Qin Dynasty, Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty.

The name was changed to Taichang during the period, and its responsibility was to be in charge of the rituals of the temple, and he was the head of the Nine Qings.

2. Lang Zhongling: During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he was renamed Guangluxun, and his responsibility was to be responsible for the security of the palace portal.

3. Wei Wei: Responsible for the security of the palace gate.

4, Tai Servant: Responsible for the Royal Horse and Socks Hall and Ma Zheng, Sun Wukong.

If it was in the Han Dynasty, it should belong to the subordinates of the imperial servant.

5. Tingwei: Responsible for judicial trials. Famous court captains in history include Li Si, Zhang Shizhi and others.

6. Pawn Ke: Responsible for foreign affairs and ethnic affairs, he is a diplomat, and he was changed to Da Honglu during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

7. Zongzheng: Responsible for the affairs of the royal family and the clan. Emperor Ping of the Han Dynasty.

The period was changed to Zongbo.

8. Governance of Su Neishi: Responsible for the management of the tax Qiangu and the financial revenue and expenditure of Zhenyin, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was changed to Dasi Nong.

9. Shaofu: Responsible for the tax of the mountains and seas and ponds for the royal family and the handicraft industry of the government.

10. Zhi Jinwu: Responsible for the tasks of patrolling, prohibiting violence, and supervising rape in the capital, and leading the northern army.

The Book of Han has the following record:

From Taichang to Zhijinwu, the rank is 2,000 stones.

As for whether Zhijinwu is one of the nine qing, I personally think that it should be included, and "nine" here should be a general meaning rather than a specific number.

After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, the system of three princes and nine ministers was divided into three provinces and six ministries.

replaced.

Jiuqing includes Fengchang, Lang Zhongling, Weiwei, Taifu, Dianke, etc. It mainly manages specific administrative affairs, such as rituals, rituals, judicial culture and education.

The nine Qings of each generation are different, and in the "Book of Han", that is, the Great Sima Siyun, the Great Situ Sizhi, the Great Sikong Siruo, Xihe, Zuotu, Zhizong, Dianle, Gonggong, and Yuyu. There is no real power, just a name only.

Fengchang, in charge of the ceremonies of the temple, has a very high status, and belongs to the head of the Nine Qings; Lang Zhongling, in charge of the palace guards; Lieutenant of the Guard, in charge of the palace gate guards; The servant, in charge of the palace and the state horse; Tingwei, who is in charge of judicial trials; pawn, in charge of foreign affairs and ethnic affairs; Zongzheng, in charge of the affairs of the royal family and the clan; He was in charge of the tax and the treasury and revenues; Shaofu is in charge of the taxes of the mountains and seas and ponds and the handicrafts of the government that are exclusively used by the royal family.

The Nine Treasures of the Ancient Imperial Fiber include:1. Fengchang, in charge of the etiquette of the temple, has a very high status, and belongs to the head of the Nine Qings.

Second, Lang Zhongling, in charge of the palace guards.

3. Captain Wei, the guard of the palace gate in charge of the closed tube.

Fourth, the servant, in charge of the palace and the state horse.

5. The court lieutenant is in charge of the judicial trial.

6. Pawn Ke, in charge of foreign affairs and ethnic affairs.

7. Zongzheng, in charge of the affairs of the royal family and the clan.

8. Governing the internal history of Su, in charge of taxes, money and fiscal revenues and expenditures.

9. The Shaofu is in charge of the taxes of the mountains and seas and the handicrafts of the government for the needs of the royal family.

The ancient Jiuqing refers to:

1. Fengchang, in charge of the etiquette of the temple, has a very high status, and belongs to the head of the Nine Qings. Second, Lang Zhongling, in charge of the palace guards. 3. Guard, in charge of the palace gate guards; Fourth, the servant, in charge of the palace and the state horse. 5. Tingwei, who is in charge of judicial trials; 6. Pawn Ke, in charge of foreign affairs and ethnic affairs. 7. Zongzheng, in charge of the affairs of the royal family and the clan. 8. Governing the internal history of Su, in charge of taxes, money and fiscal revenues and expenditures. 9. The Shaofu is in charge of the tax on the Shanhai Chizawa round shed and the official handicraft industry for the royal family.

The senior **** of Jiuqing in ancient times, including Fengchang, Lang Zhongling, Weiwei, Taifu, Tingwei, Dianke, Zongzheng, Zhisu Neishi and Shaofu. The specific duties include the ceremonial duties of the Jongmyo Temple, the palace guards, the palace gate guards, the palace horses and the state horse administration, judicial trials, foreign affairs and ethnic affairs, the affairs of the royal family and the clan, taxes and revenues, taxes and government handicrafts, etc.

Jiuqing had different official filial duties in different dynasties.

The official positions of the Jiuqing of each generation are different. During the reign of Emperor Xuan and Emperor Yuan, the title of Jiuqing appeared in the edict. However, the Qing seen in the "Book of Han" include Taichang, Guangluxun, Taifu, Tingwei, Daxing, Dahonglu, Zongzheng, Dasinong, and Shaofu.

There are more than a dozen kinds of officials such as Wei Wei, Zhi Jinwu, Right Internal History, Left Xiang History, Lord Duwei, Prince, Taifu and so on. The Jiuqing was designated as nine official positions, which began with the new, and the system was based on the middle 2,000 stones.

That is, the great Sima Siyun, the great Situ Sizhi, the great Sikong Siruo, Xihe, Zuotu, Zhizong, Dianle, Gonggong, and Yuyu are the nine Qings, which belong to the three public return types.

The Eastern Han Dynasty, like the new, has the official position of Jiuqing in ****. The Book of the Continuation of the Han Dynasty designated Taichang, Guangluxun, Weiwei, Taifu, Tingwei, Dahonglu, Zongzheng, Dasinong, and Shaofu as Jiuqing.

After Jiuqing was fixed as Jiuguan, other important ** similar to Jiuqing were excluded from Jiuqing. From the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms, some people tried to justify this unreasonable phenomenon.

Liu Xi's "Interpretation of the Name" denied that the Han had nine qing, and believed that it was the twelve qing; Wei Zhao's "Justification Name" believes that Jiuqing refers to Zhengqing, and there are so-called foreign ministers in addition to Jiuqing.

After the Wei and Jin dynasties, Jiuqing was mostly the same as the system of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and only Tingwei was sometimes renamed Dali; The Northern Wei Dynasty changed Shaofu to Taifu. Therefore, Sui and Tang Jiuqing were Taichang, Guanglu, Weiwei, Zongzheng, Taifu, Dali, Honglu, Sinong, and Taifu, and had no administrative power.

Southern Song Dynasty, Jin, Yuan, Jiuqing have many provinces and merges, Ming and Qing Dynasty then changed to officials, households, rites, soldiers, criminals, and workers for the six books, all imperial history, Dali Temple Qing, Tongzheng Secretary for Jiuqing, the former Jiuqing officials or reservations, but has become a false title or additional officials, gift officials.

1. Jiuqing refers to a number of senior ** in ancient times, referring to people with high official positions. During the Qin and Han dynasties, there were not necessarily nine people, and Jiuqing said that his official position was complete. The Jiuqing of the Qin Dynasty refers to the chiefs of the nine departments of Fengchang, Lang Zhongling, Weiwei, Taifu, Tingwei, Dianke, Zongzheng, Zhisu Neishi and Shaofu.

2. Fengchang, in charge of the ceremonial and noisy servants of the temple, has a very high status, and belongs to the head of the Jiuqing;

3. Lang Zhongling, in charge of the palace guards;

4. Captain, in charge of the palace gate guards;

5. The imperial servant, in charge of the palace and the national horse administration;

6. Tingwei, in charge of judicial trials;

7. Pawn guest, in charge of diplomacy and national affairs;

8. Zongzheng, in charge of the affairs of the royal family and the clan;

9. Governing the internal history of Su, in charge of the tax stove and the financial revenue and expenditure;

10. Shaofu, in charge of the taxes of the mountains and seas and ponds and the handicrafts of the government for the needs of the royal family.