The positive and negative effects of the Junda system

Men over 15 years old are given 40 acres of open fields. An open field is a land where no trees are planted but only grain. 20 acres for women and 60 acres for monogamous.

The man also gave 20 acres of mulberry fields. Mulberry field is the land that has been planted or allowed to grow mulberry, elm, jujube and other fruit trees. In places that are not suitable for planting fruit trees, men are given 40 acres of open fields and women 5 acres.

Men over the age of 15 were granted 40 acres of open fields (originally ownerless wasteland, and it was stipulated that mulberry, elm, jujubes and other fruit trees were not allowed to be planted) and 20 acres for women. For fallow, land can be doubled or tripled, depending on the circumstances.

Lu Tian is not allowed to buy and sell, and must be returned when he dies and reaches the age of 60**. In addition, the man gave 20 acres of mulberry fields as a "inheritance" that could be passed on to his children and grandchildren. In places where mulberry is not suitable for planting, men are given 10 acres of hemp fields and women 5 acres.

Whoever had slaves and slaves and ploughing cattle also received additional land. Slaves and maids "received land" (received land) in the same way as ordinary peasants. Each head of cattle is covered by 30 acres of open land, and each household is limited to a maximum of four.

Before the implementation of the Juntian system, the Northern Wei regime had implemented the method of calculating and dictating the field, and the Juntian system was developed on this basis. Not only did it not touch the landlord land ownership system, but it also affirmed the legitimacy of the powerful landlords occupying a large amount of land. The stipulation that slaves and slaves and ploughing cattle could grant land also protected the interests of powerful landlords.

1. Reduce the burden on farmers.

2. Accelerate the process of feudalization of all ethnic groups in the north.

3. It is conducive to the development of commodity economy.

4. Consolidating the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty Compared with the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty, accelerating the feudalization of ethnic minorities is of greater significance to the society.

First of all, to a certain extent, the landless peasants have obtained ownerless wasteland, and the peasants have the possibility of living and working in peace and contentment, and their enthusiasm for production has increased, and at the same time, large tracts of wasteland have been reclaimed, and grain production has been increasing, thus actively promoting the economic recovery and development of the north. On the one hand, it was conducive to the collection of taxes and forced labor by the state, and on the other hand, it promoted the feudalization of the Northern Wei regime and fundamentally consolidated the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

In the first year of Tianxing, Emperor Daowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty migrated more than 400,000 people to Pingcheng, and implemented the "calculation of oral granting of land", that is, the land was granted according to Dingkou, and the state established a household registration system, supervised the fields and farmers, and levied taxes and forced labor, similar to Mintun, which became the prototype of the Juntian system of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

The conditions for the implementation of Juntian: the Northern Wei Dynasty ** centralized power strengthened; Master a large number of unclaimed wastelands; Implementation of the plan for oral instruction.

In the ninth year of Taihe, under the auspices of Empress Dowager Feng, the Northern Wei Dynasty issued an order on the equal field: men over 15 years old were granted 40 acres of open fields (fields without trees) and 20 acres of mulberry fields; The woman was granted 20 acres of open field; If fallowing is adopted, the open field is doubled or doubled; In areas where land is insufficient, the mulberry fields are counted in the number of times the fields; In addition to planting grains in the mulberry field, a certain number of mulberry trees, jujube trees, and elm trees should also be planted according to the regulations; In areas that are not suitable for mulberry planting, men are given 10 acres of hemp fields, women are given 5 acres, and men are given another 1 acre of fields to plant jujube and elm; Those who receive land are exempted from school or die in old age, and the open fields and hemp fields must be returned to the state, and the mulberry fields are the inheritance; It is forbidden to buy and sell open fields, and the part of the mulberry fields that is insufficient or excess can be bought and sold; Slaves and maids are equal to civilians, but they are not given mulberry fields, and in the areas where hemp fields are granted, slaves are granted 10 acres of hemp fields, and the maids are halved; 30 acres of land per head of cultivated cattle, limited to 4 heads; Those who are not given enough land can migrate to sparsely populated areas, and every 3 people are given 1 mu of land as residential land, of which 1 5 should be used to grow vegetables; The magistrates granted public land according to rank, ranging from 6 to 15 hectares.

Evaluation: The land equalization system is a land system in which state-owned and private ownership coexist, and mulberry fields can be bought and sold, so that land annexation cannot be suppressed by Ling Nianyuan; The land was granted from the ownerless wasteland controlled by the state, so that the interests of the wealthy landlords were not touched, and they could also occupy more land through the granting of land by slaves and cattle. The so-called equalization of land does not mean that land is distributed equally, but that the state uses state-owned land and the peasants' original land to fix the peasants on the land and strengthen its control, so as to ensure the expropriation of rents and the collection and distribution of forced labor.

The trinity of the Juntian system, the rent-yong system and the government military system.

The development of the Juntian system: the Northern Qi River Qing Juntian. In the third year of Heqing, in order to curb land annexation, the Northern Qi Dynasty re-issued the Juntian Order, stipulating that men would be granted 80 acres of land, and women would be halved, and no longer should be given double fields; 20 acres of mulberry field or hemp field are given to each ding as Yongye field; Slaves and maids are given land according to their beloved, and the number of people who are granted land is between 60 and 300 according to their rank; Ding Niu is granted 60 acres of land, limited to 4 cattle.

Compared with the Northern Wei Dynasty, Heqing Juntian restricted the land of slaves, and at the same time increased the rent of slaves, trying to restrict the princes and nobles and the powerful landlords of the big clans, but with little effect.

Although the land equalization system includes private land, the only land that can be granted and received is terra nullius and wasteland, and the amount of land that can be granted is limited. As a result, the peasants who receive land generally do not meet their due quota from the beginning. Although Kou Fentian stipulates that he is old and dies to become an official, in fact, very few people can return to office.

As the population increased and the aristocratic bureaucratic landlords legally and illegally appropriated large amounts of public land for themselves, there was less and less land that could be returned. Although the Juntian Decree restricted the sale of land and occupied land excessively, the peasants of Juntian had insufficient land, fragile economic strength, and heavy labor burdens, and were forced to sell their land and flee bankrupt in the slightest natural and man-made disaster. The annexation of land by landlords was inevitable.