The main problems of accounting in public institutions

For the purchase of fixed assets, the original value of fixed assets and non-current assets should be increased**" is to ask you to make double entries when you purchase fixed assets, remember to write like this:

1.Borrow: Operational Expenditure x

Credit: Bank Deposit X

2.Debit: Fixed asset x

Credit: Fixed** x

Because the accounting equation of public institutions is: assets = liabilities + net assets, assets + expenses = liabilities + net assets + income.

In the balance sheet, the fixed asset account belongs to the asset class, and the fixed ** belongs to the net asset class, and the fixed ** statement will be balanced when the fixed assets increase.

The non-current assets you are talking about should refer to the fixed assets, which refers to the fixed assets obtained by purchasing, transferring, self-building, accepting donations, and making profits, that is, the fixed assets of public institutions.

Fixed ** is changed according to the increase or decrease of the book balance of fixed assets, fixed assets purchase, transfer, profit, acceptance of donations, etc. increase when the fixed ** will increase, fixed assets scrapped, damaged, inventory loss, etc.

When purchasing fixed assets, public institutions should increase the original value of fixed assets and non-current assets**.

The accounting subjects of public institutions are different from those of enterprises, and the accounting subjects of public institutions are mainly divided into five categories: assets, liabilities, net assets, income, and expenditure.

When public institutions purchase fixed assets, they should reflect the increase in net assets while making expenditures.

The entries for the purchase of fixed assets by public institutions are:

Borrow: Operating Expenditure - Basic Expenditure (or Project Expenditure) - Other Capital Expenditure.

Credit: Cash (or bank deposit or zero balance account credit limit).

At the same time, borrow: fixed assets.

Credit: Non-current Assets** - Fixed Assets.

This non-current asset** is a changed account in the new accounting system of public institutions in 2013, and the account is fixed in the old accounting system of public institutions**.

Non-current assets** refers to the amount occupied by non-current assets such as long-term investment, fixed assets, projects under construction, and intangible assets of public institutions, and should be accounted for in detail according to the detailed accounts set up for long-term investment, fixed assets, projects under construction, intangible assets, etc.

It is not withdrawn from income or surpluses, but is increased when long-term investments, fixed assets, construction in progress, intangible assets, etc. are acquired.

"Like a Dream Ice Lotus" is the correct solution, and the other classmate is the old accounting standards for public institutions. In layman's terms, non-current assets** are used to measure the amount of net assets occupied by the unit's non-current assets, and there are detailed accounts such as fixed assets, long-term investments, projects under construction, and intangible assets. Taking fixed assets as an example, when a public institution purchases fixed assets, it must make two accounting entries, and the "fixed assets" account of the asset class and the "non-current assets** - fixed assets" of the net assets category should be increased, just like the kind of entries answered by "Dream Ice Lotus".

As a result, non-current assets** are not withdrawn from income or balances, but rather change with changes in the relevant accounts of the asset class. Dedicated** accounts are drawn based on income or balance.

1) Problems existing in the accounting system.

1. The implementation of a single accounting system is not suitable for the actual situation of some units. The financial departments require administrative institutions to include extra-budgetary and extra-budgetary funds in a set of accounts for accounting, and implement a single accounting system: the accounting system of administrative units or the accounting system of public institutions.

2. The accounting subjects stipulated in the accounting system of administrative units cannot accurately reflect the increasingly complex economic operations. Due to the increase in exchanges between the provincial and prefecture-level industry departments and the county and city-level industry authorities, such as the administrative fees of administrative units are also handed over in proportion, and the higher-level units are also likely to provide financial subsidies to lower-level administrative units, and the current accounting system of administrative units does not pay such subjects as higher-level expenditures and higher-level subsidy income to reflect these two types of money transactions, resulting in confusion in the use of accounting subjects when administrative institutions have the above-mentioned business, and cannot correctly reflect their capital trends.

2) Some problems in the implementation of the accounting system.

1. The temporary deposit account has become a big reservoir for artificially adjusting income and expenditure. The temporary deposit of an administrative unit (other payables for public institutions) is the amount to be settled by an administrative unit in the course of its business activities with other units, subordinate units or employees of its own unit, and many units often regard the temporary deposit account as a large reservoir intentionally or unintentionally.

2. Violating the principle of cash receipts and payments. When some administrative institutions receive expenditure settlement bills but the money is not paid, they will make new expenditures and post them on the accounts payable, or issue revenue invoices.

3. The management and accounting of funds in the special financial account are very non-standardized. First, there is a lack of correct understanding of the concept that extra-budgetary funds belong to fiscal funds; Second, the accounting subjects are not standardized, and some have set up accounting subjects that are not included in the accounting system, such as "income payable," and more often they confuse the nature of funds and misuse accounting subjects, and some units even directly offset their revenues against expenditures to evade the management of extra-budgetary funds.

4. Accounting methods are not comparable horizontally. Due to the differences in the understanding of the accounting system by the accountants of various units and the artificial control of expenditures, the accounting methods of each single leakage bridge for the same nature are not consistent. The main manifestations are:

1) In fact, some units of special funds are included in the accounting of temporary deposits;

2) Housing **, housing maintenance**, administrative units generally include them in the temporary deposit accounting;

3) Some income funds, which are not recorded as income, will be included in the temporary deposit accounting;

4) The expenditure account is arbitrary.

5. The cost expenditure standards are not comparable horizontally. In order to standardize the financial expenditure behavior of various administrative institutions, the financial department has formulated a standard for expenditure. For administrative institutions to implement accordingly.

Accounting for public institutions refers to professional accounting that records, reflects, and supervises the process of implementing the budget of public institutions and their results with the actual economic operations of public institutions as the object. This kind of accounting can be divided into science, education, culture, health, and sports institutions, as well as agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, and exploration institutions. They are aimed at social and economic benefits, and have the functions of conducting, controlling, accounting, analyzing, supervising and participating in decision-making.

To this end, five accounting elements are set up: assets, liabilities, net assets, income, and expenditure, and accounting subjects are set up according to the classification of accounting elements, and the accounting sentence is to be used as an accounting sentence, and the cash payment system and the accrual system are adopted, and the credit and loan accounting method is used, the historical cost model is implemented, and the balance sheet, income and expenditure statement, and the attached table and the notes to the accounting statements and the statement of income and expenditure are compiled. Accounting of public institutions is not for profit, and does not measure and distribute profits; Without a clear owner's equity, the investor shall not be allowed to distribute the remaining assets; It does not carry out full cost accounting, and has a strong social character.

Good. It belongs to public institutions and has many businesses.

Operationally speaking, the implementation of the "Accounting System for Public Institutions" promulgated by the Ministry of Finance in 1997 is quite different from the current accounting system for enterprises in terms of the concept of net assets (owners' equity). It can only be said that the accounting system of public institutions lags far behind the international accounting standards and reporting standards, and it still belongs to the thinking and level before the reform (referring to the reform of the accounting system).

At present, however, many public institutions also require the simultaneous preparation of enterprise financial statements, that is, the reduction of business accounting to the standard of enterprise accounting standards, which is a lot more to learn than enterprise accounting.

In terms of treatment, public institutions belong to a state of insufficient and more than above, with higher income and less labor intensity than small enterprises; It has lower income and lower work intensity than foreign companies and listed companies. Public institutions are basically relatively comfortable, the competition is not full of slag and complete, and there is not much work pressure.

The main contents of accounting professional ethics are:

1. Accounting career ideals, accounting personnel's career goals, or to maintain a livelihood, or to develop personality, or to undertake social obligations, or both. It is the soul of the accounting work ethic.

2. Accounting attitude. The professional characteristics of accounting work require accountants to be conscientious and responsible, strive for excellence, be proactive and creative when engaging in accounting activities. This is the basis for accountants to perform their duties and obligations.

3. Accounting professional responsibility, that is, the corresponding obligations that accountants should assume or be given after holding a certain position or engaging in a certain job. Responsibilities and competencies are interrelated. Accounting responsibilities are the core of the accounting professional ethics and the main criterion for evaluating accounting behavior.

4. Accounting professional skills, including the necessary knowledge and knowledge to complete accounting work, as well as the required work ability and experience. It is the technical condition for accountants to successfully complete their accounting work.

5. Accounting work discipline. Confidentiality, integrity (integrity, honesty, integrity) and detachment are not only the guarantee of maintaining and implementing accounting professional ethics, but also a standard for evaluating accounting behavior.

6. Accounting work style. Rigorous and careful in work, meticulous, diligent and thrifty financial management, strictly in accordance with accounting standards, consciously resist the invasion of non-primary factors, etc., are all good accounting work styles.

Accounting for public institutions is not the same as accounting for administrative institutions. Although the accounting of administrative institutions and the accounting of public institutions are two different systems, they both belong to the part of budget accounting, and the classification of accounting elements and the main accounting treatment methods are the same, and the types of accounting statements and main items are also the same.

Accounting for administrative institutions is divided into two major systems: accounting for administrative institutions and accounting for public institutions, and is an accounting profession for administrative organs, public institutions and other similar organizations at all levels to account, reflect and supervise the implementation of the budget and various business activities of the units, and is an integral part of budget accounting.

Summary. Hello dear, I'm honored to answer for you <>

Reasons for choosing accounting in administrative institutions: Hello Hello Accounting also has unique advantages over other professions. There are not many accountants in an enterprise, and there is no competition pressure in other departments, so the competition in accounting in the enterprise is much more relaxed.

Accounting is really the best choice of the industry, in an administrative institution to do accounting, there is not much pressure at work, the family can also take care of at the same time, both sides can be balanced, it is really good. I believe that when every woman truly has a happy family, she can realize how beautiful it is to not have to travel often and spend more time with her family.

Reasons for choosing accounting for administrative institutions.

Hello dear, I'm honored to answer for you <>

Reasons for choosing accounting in administrative institutions: Hello Hello Accounting also has unique advantages over other professions. There are not many accountants in an enterprise, and there is no competition pressure in other departments, so the competition in accounting in the enterprise is much more relaxed.

Accounting is really the best choice of the industry, in an administrative institution to do accounting, there is not much pressure at work, the family can also take care of at the same time, both sides can be balanced, it is really good. I believe that when every woman truly has a happy family, she can realize how beautiful it is to not have to travel often and spend more time with her family.

I hope the following related developments will help you: Now there are more and more accounting-related exams, and passing the exams can keep you a positive heart, always struggle on the front line of the exam, and make yourself more and more combative and younger. Moreover, doing accounting also requires continuous learning, and it is necessary to be old, learn and update one's knowledge through learning.

Accountants can use it well if they learn well, and there is a great correlation between learning and work, unlike some disciplines where learning and doing are disconnected. Accountants can not only find happiness in learning, but also experience the happiness of combining theory and practice in the process of doing accounting. Accounting is a job that likes to be quiet but not moving, you need to have endurance and a calm mind to do this job well.

Especially in accounting work, you need to be very careful, not a little sloppy, I believe that accounting can also help you get rid of a lot of bad habits in life.

Still have questions? Kiss, can you talk about it specifically? Or is there anything you'd like to talk about? <>

Former public institutions.

Copy the balance sheet is with income and expenditure, the identity at that time is assets + expenses = liabilities + net assets + income, income and expenditure after the year-end account is cleared, the year-end statement identity is actually assets = liabilities + net assets. Since 2013, public institutions have implemented a new accounting system, which stipulates that the accounts should be settled at the end of each month, that is, the income and expenditure are cleared and transferred to net assets, and the balance sheet no longer reflects income and expenditure, and the identity is assets = liabilities + net assets.

Of course, after the implementation of the new system, many units do not strictly carry forward their income and expenditure every month, which is really troublesome, and second, if they are settled every month, the tax burden will increase for units in some industries. For example, our unit does not have a monthly settlement. Then you need to produce two sets of balance sheets every month, one set does not show income and expenditure according to the requirements of the new system, and now it is computerized to make a statement, you should set up the formula of the relevant accounts of net assets in the statement, and directly include the amount of income and expenditure after offsetting the corresponding account of net assets when taking the number, so that the statement assets = liabilities + net assets.

In addition, according to the old system, a set of real balance sheets with income and expenditure that have not been carried forward will be issued.