How to make a complete circuit version, how to make a simple integrated circuit?

The traditional process similar to the New Year's "window cutting" can be used to prepare circuit boards based on copper foil etching method, which is the current mainstream circuit board manufacturing method. Integrated circuit boards, including computers, mobile phones, and various electrical appliances, are all made by this process.

The circuit board is printed and prepared by screen printing conductive ink, such as computer keyboards, household appliance buttons, solar positive electrodes and back electrodes of automobile dashboards, etc., which are made by the process of screen printing silver paste. This process requires a template, and the accuracy of the template significantly limits the accuracy of the prepared circuit board.

Digital inkjet printing conductive ink to prepare circuit boards, Dahua Brocade adopts a process method similar to printing color ** to print conductive ink to prepare various circuit boards. This is a circuit board manufacturing technology that has just emerged in the world from Europe and the United States, with fast timeliness and significantly reduced process steps. The core conductive ink material used is based on nano-silver conductive ink, which becomes a conductive line after sintering and curing after printing.

Methods for making simple integrated circuits:

1. According to your own circuit function requirements, write programs with verilog. After the writing is completed, the Quartus software is imported, and various verifications such as electrical rule verification and chip area verification are carried out after compilation and synthesis, and if it is not suitable, the program is modified to re-verify, and if it is passed, the electronic component list is output.

2. Import the results of 1 into the relevant software of place-and-route, carry out place-and-route in it, and carry out various verifications, and output the corresponding mask file table after passing.

3. Give the mask file table in 2 to the integrated circuit chip manufacturing factory, and the factory can manufacture it.

An integrated circuit is a miniature electronic device or component. Using a certain process, the transistors, resistors, capacitors, inductors and other components and wiring required in a circuit are interconnected together and made on a small piece or several small pieces of semiconductor wafer or dielectric substrate, and then encapsulated in a tube shell to become a miniature structure with the required circuit function; All the components have been formed into a whole in terms of structure, which makes the electronic components a big step towards micro-miniaturization, low power consumption, intelligence and high reliability.

An integrated circuit is a miniature electronic device or component. Using a certain process, the transistors, diodes, resistors, capacitors and inductors and other components and wiring required in a circuit are interconnected together, made on a small piece or several small pieces of semiconductor wafers or dielectric substrates, and then encapsulated in a tube shell to become a miniature structure with the required circuit function; All of these components have been structurally integrated into a single unit, making electronic components a big step towards miniaturization, low power consumption and high reliability. It is denoted by the letters "IC" in the circuit.

The inventors of integrated circuits are Jack Kilby (silicon-based integrated circuits) and Robert Noyce (germanium-based integrated circuits). Most applications in today's semiconductor industry are silicon-based integrated circuits.

If it's not too demanding, I have a lot of ways to do it.

Simple circuit, you can use an oily marker pen to draw a line directly on the board, and you can use ferric chloride to corrode nail polish, but I don't think there is a marker pen if it is more complicated, just use a photosensitive plate to do, the specific method is to print the PCB file one to one on the film, with projection film or sulfuric acid paper, the three materials can be printed with laser, inkjet printing film should be noted, can only be printed on the side of the film with adhesive film, I still recommend laser printing, Laser printing is much more accurate than inkjet.

Tear off the white coating on the photosensitive plate, put the printed document on it, press the alignment with glass, and then use a fluorescent lamp (I use an energy-saving lamp) to illuminate it**, the time is 3 to 5 minutes, and the specific methods and steps will be accompanied by detailed instructions when buying the photosensitive plate.

After completion, clean it with clean water, part of it is cleaned off, the part blocked by the PCB file is retained, and it is corroded with ferric chloride, and the corrosion time is completed in about an hour at room temperature, and the photosensitive material on it is cleaned with alcohol after corrosion, and then the hole is completed.

The above methods are all methods that I have done myself, and there are other methods that you can add.

Then I'll teach you the easiest method, this is the method we often use when we are studying. I believe it's a good way to use it yourself.

1. First of all, you need to buy a single-sided or double-sided copper-covered board, which is generally sold in the electronic market.

2. Draw your PCB board diagram on the computer and print it out with an inkjet printer. (Note: 1. Be sure to use an inkjet printer!) 2. When drawing the PCB board, the pads and vias must be large enough. ）

3. Cut the circuit board into the required size with a utility knife, and iron the PCB drawings just printed out with the printer on the copper plate until the carbon film on the paper is ironed onto the copper plate. (It's OK in 5 minutes).

4. If the printing paper is not fully covered on the copper plate, we need to use a 2B pencil to repair the wiring on the copper plate.

5. Put the modified copper plate into the corrosion liquid to corrode. (Generally 24 hours).

6. Use a rubber sassafras to remove the carbon film on the corroded copper plate, and then use tin to go through it all over again.

7. It is the last step of drilling, and if possible, you can use an electric drill to drill directly. Otherwise, you have to make a manual drill to drill.

8. Weld the original and the whole board is completed.

Buy a hand-held electric engraving machine, the kind with a lot of small cutter heads. It's better than rotten with potions.

First of all, you need to use circuit design software such as Protel to draw the circuit schematic diagram and PCB (component package diagram) on the computer. As shown below:

2.Put the thermal transfer paper into the ordinary printer, adjust the appropriate printing ratio, and print out the black and white PCB drawing. As shown below:

3.Use sandpaper to polish off the oxide layer on the surface of the copper clad laminate to make the copper clad laminate look smooth and shiny. As shown below:

4.The heat transfer paper printed with the PCB diagram in step 2 is fixed on the copper clad laminate polished in step 3, and sent to the heat transfer machine (you can also use a common heating iron to replace the heat transfer machine) for printing, so that the toner containing the PCB diagram is printed on the copper clad laminate by hot pressing, and the heat transfer paper is gradually torn off, as shown below

5.Pour the corrosive liquid into the plastic box, and then put the corrosive liquid into the copper clad laminate printed with PCB pattern in step 4, after a period of corrosion (according to the length of time of different concentrations of corrosive liquid), about half an hour to about an hour, pour out the corrosive liquid, and take out the corroded copper clad lamina.

Use sandpaper to gently polish the toner on the PCB diagram on the copper clad laminate to get a copper circuit trace that is exactly the same as the PCB pattern, as shown below.

6.Put the copper clad laminate obtained in step 5 into the drilling machine and punch holes one by one according to all the hole positions of the PCB diagram, and finally the components can be soldered accordingly, and the whole PCB plate making process is over. As shown below:

Many electronics enthusiasts like to make their own PCB circuit boards, which may be difficult for beginners. In fact, as long as you are careful, this is not difficult. Here is a detailed introduction to my experience in thermal transfer to make PCB circuit boards, I hope to be able to everyone.

Tools Raw materials.

Copper clad laminates. Thermal transfer paper.

Laser printer.

Scissors. File.

Small drill or hand spin.

Plastic box. Ferric chloride.

Method steps.

First of all, print the circuit diagram you want to make on thermal transfer paper, if the circuit diagram is dense or slender, it is best to use a good printer, so as not to print out the circuit diagram defects and cannot be used. If it is a simple circuit, you can directly sketch the circuit diagram with a paint pen, or even carve out the circuit diagram with a knife.

Then, the processing of the copper clad laminate begins. According to the size of the PCB drawing, the copper clad laminate is cut and cleaned, which can be cleaned with soapy water, and can be brushed with steel wool balls if possible, so there is no fear of scratching the copper foil.

Dry the cleaned copper clad laminate and align the PCB with the pattern on the heat transfer paper, then dip it firmly with transparent tape. If it is a double-sided board, then all the mounting holes on both sides must be aligned, otherwise it will be scrapped.

The next is heat transfer, which is generally fine with an iron, and it is better to have a transfer machine or laminator. When using an iron to transfer printing, the temperature should be adjusted a little higher, find a solid base to start ironing, keep moving in the same direction when ironing, and press down hard at the same time, generally a small amount of smoke can come out.

After the transfer is done, uncover the corner of the transfer paper while it is hot to see how the transfer is doing, if it is very complete, tear off the transfer paper directly, if it is not good, cover it and iron it with an iron for a while.

After tearing off the transfer paper, you need to check the circuit of the transfer to see if there is any ** or missing printing or something, if there is, use an oil-based marker to paint it up.

Then there's the chemical corrosion. There are many corrosive agents for corrosive copper clad laminates, but ferric chloride is more environmentally friendly and safe. Pour an appropriate amount of ferric chloride particles into the plastic box and mix with boiling water until the particles are all dissolved, then put the copper clad laminate into the plastic box and shake it constantly.

When all the copper foil has been corroded in the place where there is no toner, you can take out the copper clad laminate, remember to take it out and rinse it with water immediately. After washing and drying, sandpaper is used to sand the toner is removed, and a layer of rosin perfume is applied to prevent the oxidation of the copper foil, and it also has a fluxing effect.

At this point, a PCB board is ready, and you can start soldering components, generally speaking, soldering starts with the short and small components, and finally solders the taller and larger components.

end precautions.

When cutting the plate, the copper foil on the edge of the PCB must be treated, otherwise it will affect the effect of thermal transfer.

Also note that after the copper clad laminate is brushed clean, do not itch to touch the copper foil surface, otherwise it will get the grease on your hands, and the toner will not be easy to stick, which will affect the final quality of the circuit board.

The use of ferric chloride is, can not be used metal utensils.

The method of making a PCB circuit board by hand is a simple method that requires a certain amount of skill and patience. Here's how to make it by hand in general:

1.Prepare materials and tools: The materials that need to be prepared include copper plates, printed PCBs

Layout diagrams, circuit diagrams, chemical solutions (such as etching fluids), adhesive tapes, drill bits, etc. Tools include printers, soldering irons, needle-nose pliers, drilling machines, etc.

2.Make PCB layout drawings: Use PCB design software or draw PCB layout drawings by hand to ensure that the circuit layout is correct.

3.Print PCB layout: Use a printer to print PCB layout drawings onto transparencies, such as transparencies.

4.Prepare the copper plate: Cut the copper plate to the desired size and clean the surface of the copper plate to ensure good adhesion.

5.Prepare the backplate: Prepare a hard backsheet, such as a wooden or plastic plate, to support the copper plate.

6.Transfer the PCB pattern to the copper plate: Align the PCB layout with the copper plate, attach it to the backplane using hot melt tape, and use hot melt tape to attach the layout to the copper plate.

7.Make an exposed area: Use a UV machine or sunlight to apply the copper plate. The exposed area on the layout will harden the UV** anti-photosensitive adhesive covering the copper plate.

8.Etching: Put the copper plate into the etching solution, and the chemical solution will etch off the copper that is not protected by the photosensitive adhesive to form the required circuit pattern.

9.Cleaning and removal of photosensitive adhesive: Clean the etched copper plate with detergent, and then remove the photosensitive adhesive with appropriate methods, such as using solvents or glue to remove the adhesive layer.

10.Drilling: Using a drilling machine and a suitable drill bit, drill holes in the copper plate to install electronic components.

The question is more ambiguous, whether you are the user who ends up using the PCB or the factory that produces the PCB, whether you want to draw the PCB or understand the PCB process.

It's just like the average person who wants to draw a PCB.

Contact the PCB manufacturer first and ask about the process indicators they can achieve, such as line width and line spacing, via size, hole ring size, copper film thickness, etc.

Then use the special EDA software for designing the PCB, such as Protel, Orcad, etc., to draw the schematic diagram of the circuit, and the device graphics used in the schematic diagram can be defined by yourself, or you can use the standard devices provided in the software. Set the package package for each component in the schematic. Perform an electrical rule check ERC to see if there are various connection errors, not all of which can be found.

Then generate a netlist of the schematic, which is a file that records the pin connections between the components in the schematic.

The netlist is then imported into the EDA software's PCB drawing tool, as well as the footprints of each component. For example, resistors, capacitors and other components usually have standard packages, and some special components do not have ready-made packages, so they have to be drawn with the PCB package drawing tool provided in the EDA software.

Then in the PCB drawing tool, the components are positioned as needed.

The pins are then connected together on the metal layers with the wiring tool, and for multilayer boards, vias can be punched to route the wires from the different metal layers.

Finally, check the DRC for design rules to see if there is a short circuit, the distance between the lines is too close, and so on.

No problem, contact the manufacturer to cast the board.