What forms of civilization did we have in our history?

From a horizontal point of view, the connotation of the history of human civilization includes material civilization, political civilization and spiritual civilization;

Human evolution. Human civilization can be divided into ancient Greece in scope.

and ancient Roman civilization, ancient Chinese civilization, Western capitalism.

Civilization and socialist civilization and other systems: First, we should pay attention to the characteristics and main achievements of different types of civilization, and second, we should pay attention to the exchanges, references, integration, and collisions between different types of civilizations. From a longitudinal point of view, human civilization has experienced the era of fishing, hunting and gathering, and the era of agricultural civilization (including the Neolithic Age.

Bronze Age, Iron Age), the Age of Industrial Civilization (including the Age of Handicrafts, the Age of Steam, the Age of Electricity, and the Age of Information).

China is one of the birthplaces of human civilization, with some of the more than 2,000 years of human historical development and civilization. There are many civilizations that have developed human beings that have moved history forward, including:

1. Agricultural civilization, which is the oldest and most glorious Chinese civilization, has created the forefront and direction of agricultural development, and the use of tools and livestock is also the development of China's agricultural civilization. It is also believed in the development of agricultural technologies and tools.

2. Literature, which is the soul of the development of a nation and a country, has culture that makes human beings have thoughts, souls and spirits. Culture gathers strength, culture develops production, and culture promotes unity. Chinese culture includes: "Hundred Schools of Thought", "Confucian Culture", "Poetry and Song Fu" and so on.

Third, architectural civilization, architectural development is human beings to shelter from the wind and rain, but the development of ancient architecture is not only sheltered from the wind and rain, it takes more into account the beauty, grandeur and comfort. This also created the beginning and glory of China's architecture and bridge science.

Fourth, political civilization, although ancient China was the politics of the feudal system, it was the leader of world civilization in the early period of the "Tang Dynasty" and the Qing Dynasty, and was the center of the world economy and politics for a period of time.

1. The main aspects of China's splendid ancient civilization: science and technology (four major inventions: papermaking, printing, gunpowder, compass), philosophical thought, literature and art.

Features: long-standing, broad and profound, far-reaching influence.

2. Chinese dynasties: more than 4,000 years ago: Yellow Emperor, Yan Emperor, Yao, Shun, Yu.

Formation: Dynasties began to form in the 21st century BC: Xia, Shang, and Zhou.

Chinese Civilization: Also known as Chinese Civilization. It is one of the oldest civilizations in the world and the longest lasting civilization in the world.

It is generally believed that there are three direct sources of Chinese civilization, namely the Yellow River civilization, the Yangtze River civilization and the northern grassland civilization, and the Chinese civilization is the splendid fruit of the exchange, integration and sublimation of the three regional civilizations. The Yellow River and the Yangtze River were important factors in the emergence of Chinese civilization. The agricultural civilization produced in the Yellow River Basin was affected by the natural and geographical factors in the historical period, and constantly transitioned and developed to the agricultural civilization in the Yangtze River Basin.

The agricultural civilization in the Yangtze River Basin is the inheritance and development of the agricultural civilization in the Yellow River Basin. In the early days of agriculture in the Yellow River Basin, millet was generally cultivated, and rice was mainly cultivated in the Yangtze River Basin.

Xia Shang Dynasty: The Xia Xiaozheng of the Xia calendar contains the phenology, celestial phenomena, meteorology, and agricultural affairs of each month of the year; The greatest achievement of the Shang Dynasty was the world's longest-lasting dating method (the Sexagenary Cycle Method), and the Xia and Shang dynasties also preserved the earliest records of solar and lunar eclipses in China, which had a huge impact on later generations.

Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period: The Spring and Autumn Period left the world's first recognized record of Halley's Comet; The Spring and Autumn Calendar has also formed its own fixed system, basically determining the principle of seven leaps in nineteen years; During the Warring States period, the world's earliest astronomical work "Ganshi Xingjing" appeared.

Qin and Han dynasties: During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, astronomers formulated China's first relatively complete almanac "Taichu Calendar", which began with the first month of the year, and at the same time, the Western Han Dynasty also left the earliest records of sunspots recognized in the world; Zhang Heng, a scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty, invented and made the earliest scientific explanation for the lunar eclipse.

Sui and Tang dynasties: During the Tang Dynasty, astronomers and monks formulated the "Great Yan Calendar", which more accurately reflected the laws of the sun's movement, and he was also the founder of the world's scientific method to measure the length of the earth's meridian with scientific methods.

Song and Yuan dynasties: Shen Kuo of the Northern Song Dynasty created the "Twelve Qi Calendar" that was easier and more conducive to arranging agricultural time; The Yuan Dynasty set up a special Taibi Li Brigade History Bureau to compile a new calendar, and the astronomer Guo Shoujing created astronomical observation instruments such as the simple instrument and the high-disturbing bird table, and presided over the compilation of the "Time Calendar", whose cycle of the year is basically the same as the current Gregorian calendar, but 300 years earlier than the current Gregorian calendar.

3) Architectural achievements of ancient China.

The Great Wall of China: The Great Wall of Qin stretches from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east; The Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty stretches from the Yalu River in the east to Jiayuguan in the west. The Great Wall is built according to the topography, stretching for thousands of miles, and its magnificent architectural scale, unique architectural style, and complex architectural structure embody the wisdom of the ancient Chinese people, which can be called a unique in the history of world architecture.

It also protects the agricultural production of the Central Plains to a certain extent, becomes the dividing line between the ancient Chinese agricultural civilization and the nomadic civilization, and protects the ecological environment of the north. However, at the same time, it has also increased the burden on the people, and to a certain extent, blocked the exchanges between the Central Plains ethnic groups and the ethnic minorities in the north.

Sui and Tang Dynasties: This period was the period of maturity of ancient Chinese architecture. Yu Wenkai, a famous architect of the Sui Dynasty, built Daxing City, which was expanded into Chang'an City by the Tang Dynasty, reflecting the superb technology of urban architecture; The stone arch bridge designed and built by Sui craftsman Li Chun Zhaozhou Bridge occupies an important position in the history of bridges in the world.

Song and Yuan dynasties: There was a significant development of building technology during this period. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Li Jie's "Building the French Style" is an outstanding work in the history of architecture in China.

Others, such as the famous wooden structure buildings in China in the Liao Dynasty (Dule Temple in Jixian County, Hebei, and the Wooden Pagoda in Yingxian County, Shanxi), the Lugou Bridge in the Jin Dynasty, and the Yuan Dadu occupy a very important position in the history of China's architecture.

Ming Dynasty: Ming Chengzu built Beijing City on the basis of Yuan Dadu, the building is magnificent and magnificent, and it is a masterpiece of ancient urban architecture in China.

Chinese civilization can be divided into three periods: primitive civilization, agricultural civilization and industrial civilization.

The primitive civilization from ancient times to the establishment of the Xia Dynasty, the agricultural civilization from the Xia Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty before the start of the Opium War, and the industrial civilization from the beginning of the Opium War to the present.

Taking the periodization of these three civilizations as the starting point, Chinese culture should be divided into the pre-civilization period (the Paleolithic Age and the Neolithic Age), the embryonic period (the Xia, Shang and Zhou periods), the formative period (the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period), the stereotype period (the Qin and Han dynasties), the development period (the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Tang and Song dynasties), the mature period (the Qing Dynasty from the Yuan and Ming dynasties to the Opium War), and the transition period (from the beginning of the Opium War to the present). The following is a description and introduction of the main characteristics and aspects of the development of Chinese culture.

1.Long History: The history of Chinese civilization can be traced back to about 5,000 years ago, and it is one of the world's oldest civilizations.

2.Respect for family and tradition: Chinese civilization has always focused on family and traditional concepts, and paid attention to respecting elders and the legacy of predecessors.

3.The State of Etiquette: Chinese civilization pays attention to etiquette and respects etiquette traditions, such as the Five Blessings, Respect for Teachers, Respect for Inferiority and Order, etc., and this concept has continued to this day.

4.Attaching importance to education: Chinese civilization has always attached great importance to education, with classics of Chinese culture such as "Three Character Classic" and "Hundred Family Names" in ancient times, and Chinese-style education in modern times, which cultivates students' critical thinking and creative thinking skills.

5.Establish a bureaucratic system: In the history of China's Wendan reform, a set of efficient bureaucratic systems was established, which provided effective management methods and mechanisms for political, economic and social management.

6.Emphasis on morality and ethics: Chinese civilization has always emphasized morality and ethics, such as Confucius advocated the "way of benevolence" and Lao Tzu emphasized "moral self-discipline".

7.Handicraft manufacturing: The traditional handicraft manufacturing technology of Chinese civilization has developed very superbly, such as Ruyao, Jingdezhen and other porcelain, brocade, carving, etc. are world-famous.

8.Advocating culture: Chinese civilization advocates culture and respects cultural heritage, such as the Spring Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and other traditional festivals.

9.Technological contributions: Chinese civilization has made many contributions to science and technology, such as the invention of papermaking, compass, gunpowder, etc., which has had a great impact on the progress of world civilization.

China refers to the city of **.

Zhonghua is the abbreviation of Huaxia in China.

The former is the region, the latter is the nation. The concept of nationality is an artificial and compulsory division, in fact, as long as Tuyun identifies with Confucianism and Taoism culture, abides by morality and etiquette, and respects the three emperors and five emperors, these lead the entire ethnic group to fight a way out of the flood and wilderness.

The ancestors of the Chinese nation are all Chinese.

This identity is easier to identify with than the identity of the Western Mitigation Party. Was the fire made by the ancestors or was it given by the gods? When the sky is broken, is it made up by the ancestors or by the gods? Deluge.

Is it the ancestors who rule the water or the gods who save the world?

The history of Chinese civilization is the history of the territory of present-day China. The history of Chinese civilization is the history of the land of China and the branches of China.

The history of the Ming Dynasty is the history of the evolution of human civilization, including politics, economy, thought, and now the changes and evolution of human clothing.

Civilization is the sum total of the humanistic spirit, invention and creation, and public order and good customs that are conducive to enhancing human beings' adaptation and cognition to the objective world, in line with the pursuit of human ingenuity and wisdom, and that can be recognized and accepted by the vast majority of people.