In which dynasty did the centralized system of archives originate, and in which dynasty did the word

The term archive was first seen in the Qing Dynasty.

In ancient China, the concept of documents and archives was basically indistinguishable, and its titles were "book" and "dian" in the Yin Shang Dynasty, "Zhong" in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and "Jian", "牍", "Jiance", "Jianshu", "Jianshu", "Jianshu", "Silk Book", "Book", "Case File", "Wenmu", "Case Paper" and so on. As for the term "late case of the stool", it may have been used in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, while it was found in written materials from the Qing dynasty.

1 The earliest occurrence of the word "archive".

The written material can be found in the record of the "Living Registration" of the 19th year of Kangxi (1680), which is extant in the Qing Dynasty archives of Zao Fool Li: In October of that year, when reviewing the book of prisoners in the autumn trial, "Shang asked: 'Mahala's father and uncle are not in the battle, and they themselves have meritorious cards, what is his crime?' ’

Mingzhu, a scholar at the university, said: 'Mahala's father and uncle are all involved in Songshan and other affairs, and there is no file in the ministry, so the ministry is not allowed to make an accusation. This account not only shows that the word archive was already used in writing at that time, but it also shows that the dynasty attached great importance to the use of archives as the basis for deciding cases at that time.

2 The earliest interpretation of the word "archive".

Its written record is Yang Bin's "Liubian Chronicles", which was written in the 46th year of the Kangxi reign (1707). The book said: "Outside the border, more books in wood, the messenger said the brand, to cut the wood chips if the card; The storage of the old people is called the file, the file, in order to accumulate multiple leather strips hanging on the wall, so it is also.

However, the book of words on paper is also called a brand and a file. This is the earliest known description of the word "archive".

3 The word "archive" in the semantic sense.

It should be said that the word "archive" has a figurative and intrinsic meaning. "File", "Kangxi Dictionary" explains as "horizontal wooden frame file", that is, the meaning of the wooden frame frame; "Case", "Shuowen Jie Zi" is explained as "several genera", that is, things like small tables. By extension, the relevant documents for handling an incident are called a case, and the official documents received and deposited are commonly referred to as "cases", "case files", and "case files".

The word "file" and the word "case" are used together, that is, the case files stored in the file shelf, and the shelf where the files are placed is called the file shelf, and the grid is called a file. Some of these terms have been used, but their meanings have been deepened and developed.

4 The earliest dictionary to enter the "archive" entry - "Eurasian Language Ding".

This is a foreign language dictionary compiled by the Japanese librarian Takahashi Iho in 1813 and is in the collection of the National Archives of Japan. The book uses four languages: Chinese (kana Japanese), Manchu, Dutch, and Russian (partial), and the language spans Asia and Europe, so it is called "Eurasian Language Ding". The book is divided into sections and categories, and the word "archive" is arranged under the category "book".

At that time, due to political reasons, the book was not officially published, but the fact that "archive" was recorded as a special entry in the compilation of the dictionary fully shows that the word "archive" was already used quite frequently in written and oral communication at that time, so it was necessary to compile it into the dictionary for cross-reference.

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The similarities and differences between ancient and modern Chinese archives management are as follows: 1. Similarities: 1

The management of ancient and modern Chinese archives is the inheritance and protection of historical and cultural heritage, and both have important value and significance. 2.The management of ancient and modern Chinese archives needs to be classified, sorted, preserved and utilized, and professional personnel and institutions are required to manage them.

3.Archives management in ancient and modern China has important research and application value, which can provide strong support and basis for academic research, historical traceability, and policy formulation. <>

Similarities and differences between ancient and modern Chinese archives management.

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The similarities and differences between ancient and modern Chinese archives management are as follows: 1. Similarities: 1

The management of archives in China's ancient and modern dynasties is the inheritance and protection of historical and cultural heritage, and both have important value and meaning. 2.The management of ancient and modern Chinese archives needs to be classified, sorted, preserved and utilized, and professional personnel and institutions are required to manage them.

3.Archives management in ancient and modern China has important research and application value, which can provide strong support and basis for academic research, historical traceability, and policy formulation. <>

2. Differences: 1Different forms:

Ancient archives are generally preserved in paper form, such as the "Historical Records" and "Book of Han", while modern archives are gradually developing in the direction of electronic and digitization. 2.The save content is different:

Ancient archives mainly preserve official documents, historical records, etc., such as decrees, policies, and various acts formulated by the imperial court; Modern archives not only include first-class documents, but also involve a large number of materials in various fields such as society, culture, and economy. 3.The management is different:

The management of ancient archives is generally directly managed by ** institutions, and the management method is relatively simple; In modern times, archives management is more standardized and professional, and is usually managed by specialized machines and hand-built or professionals. 4.The degree of public canopy varies:

Ancient archives are relatively closed in terms of processing, use, and disclosure, and only a few powerful people or specific groups of people can obtain relevant materials; In modern times, archives are more transparent and more open, and ordinary people are able to access relevant information.

In addition, today's archives management draws on and inherits the ancient archives management legislation.

First, there are many ideas such as special classification, security and confidentiality. Today's laws and regulations for archives management are more humane and do not have the harshness of ancient laws. For example, Article 19 of the "Provisions on the Management of Enterprise Employee Files" stipulates:

The transfer of files should be carried out through confidential transportation or by sending a special person to pick it up, and it is not allowed to mail it or hand it over to the person. However, there is still a phenomenon that archives are brought and mailed by individuals, and there is no legal punishment measures, which is easy to cause loopholes in archives management. <>

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There are similarities and differences between ancient and modern archival management in many aspects. 1. Similarities and differences: 1

The purpose is different: the main purpose of ancient archives management is for the emperor to manage the country, rule the people, record historical events, policies, etc.; The modern archives management is more in the service of the best machine stool structure, enterprises and institutions. 2.

Different management methods: ancient archives management is mainly paper archives, which are mostly managed and preserved by the first class; Modern archives management uses modern management methods and technologies, such as digital storage, electronic documents, etc. 3.

He Xi's understanding of archives preservation is different: ancient archives management is mostly simple preservation and inheritance, and the understanding of the value of archives is not too high; Modern archives management pays more attention to the application value and service value of archives. Second, the common denominator:

1.Both have important and prudent historical value: both ancient and modern archives record many important events and policies in Chinese history, and have irreplaceable historical value.

2.Both ancient archives and modern archives need scientific preservation and management to ensure the integrity and readability of the archives, and to protect the archives from damage, loss, tampering, etc.

3.Both need standardized management systems and standards: Both ancient archives and modern archives need to have standardized management systems and standards to ensure the scientific and standardized management of archives.

To sum up, there are some similarities and differences between ancient and modern archival management, but whether it is ancient or modern, archival management is an important cultural heritage and historical record, which needs to be scientifically managed and protected.