What are the types of psalms included in the Book of Psalms?

According to the nature of **, the "Book of Songs" is roughly divided into three categories: wind, elegance and song. "Wind" refers to the national style, including 15 parts, that is, the folk songs of various countries in the Western Zhou Dynasty, called "Fifteen National Winds", a total of 160 articles. "Ya" is the music song of King Jinggi of Zhou, which is divided into "Daya" and "Xiaoya", with a total of 105 pieces.

The poems in the Book of Songs were originally lyrics used for music. "Poetry" itself is derived from "song", which is why "poetry" is often called "poetry" nowadays. The Book of Songs was compiled in the pre-Qin period and is the first collection of poetry in China.

Regarding the classification of poems in the Book of Songs, there is a saying of "four beginnings and six meanings". "Four beginnings" refers to the four poems that are listed first in "Wind", "Daya", "Xiaoya", and "Song". "Six meanings" refers to "wind, elegance, song, endowment, comparison, and xing".

"Wind, elegance, and song" is the classification of the "Book of Songs" according to the different **, and "Fu, Compare, and Xing" is the expression of the "Book of Songs". The Book of Songs is mostly based on four words, with miscellaneous words.

The division of the three parts of "Wind", "Ya" and "Song" is based on the difference of **.

"Wind" includes folk songs from fifteen places, including some places in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Hebei, and Shandong today (Qi, Han, Zhao, Wei, Qin), most of which are folk songs in the Yellow River Basin, and most of them are folk songs called "Fifteen Kingdoms Style" after polishing, with 160 articles, which are the core content of the "Book of Songs". "Wind" means earthy wind, wind ballad.

Fifteen national winds: Zhounan, Zhaonan, Shao bèi, 鄘 yōng, Wei, Wang, Zheng, Qi, Wei, Tang, Qin, Chen, Hui, Huì, Cao, 豳 bīn)).

"Ya" is the sound of Ya music, that is, the nobles enjoy the banquet or the music of the princes, according to the layout of the ** and divided into "Da Ya", "Xiao Ya", there are 105 poems, including 31 Ya, 74 Ya. Although most of them are the works of scholars, there are also many laborious words similar to the wind in Xiaoya, such as Yellow Bird, I Walk in the Wild, Gu Feng, He Grass is Not Yellow, etc.

"Song" is a sacrificial music song, divided into 31 "Zhou Song", 4 "Lu Song", and 5 "Shang Song", a total of 40 articles. It was originally a musical song to praise the gods or ancestors during the sacrifice, but the four Lu songs are all praises to the living Lu Xigong, and there are also poems by sycophants in the Shang Song.

The meaning of "wind" is tone. It was relative to the "Wangji", the region directly ruled by the Zhou dynasty. It is a place in different regions**, mostly folk songs.

The poems of "Wind" are folk songs collected from 15 regions, including Zhounan, Zhaonan, Shao, Hu, Wei, Wang, Zheng, Qi, Wei, Tang, Qin, Chen, Hui, Cao, and Feng. A total of 160 articles. Mostly folk songs.

According to the names of the fifteen national styles and the content of the poems, it can be roughly inferred that the poems were produced in the present-day Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Hebei, Shandong, and northern Hubei.

"Ya" is the joy of "Wangji", which the Zhou people in this area called "Xia", and "Ya" and "Xia" were common in ancient times. Ya also has the meaning of "positive", and at that time, Wang Jizhile was regarded as a positive voice - a model **. The people of the Zhou Dynasty called Zhengsheng Yale, just like the people of the Qing Dynasty called the Kun dialect Yabe, with a sense of reverence.

Zhu Xi's "Collected Poems" said: "The elegant person is also the song of righteousness." There is a difference in the size of the text, and there is a difference between positive changes in the pre-Confucian theory.

In today's test, it is Xiaoya, and the joy of Yan Fang is also; Zhengdaya, the joy of the court, and the words of the precepts. The tone of speech is different, and the syllables are also different. Therefore, the difference between the big and the small is in the content.

"Song" is a musical song and epic poem of the temple sacrifice, and the content is mostly to praise the deeds of the ancestors. "Preface to Mao's Poems" said: "The description of the praise of beauty and virtue is also known to the gods for its success."

This is the meaning and purpose of the ode. Wang Guowei said: "The sound of praise is slower than the wind and elegance.

This is the characteristic of its **.

The Book of Songs has a total of 305 articles, composed of three parts: wind, elegance and song, and there are various sayings about the interpretation of wind, elegance and song, which are generally considered to be divided according to **, because the poems of the Book of Songs were originally music songs, due to the different characteristics of the tunes, divided into three categories, after the score was lost, only the lyrics remained, what we see today is just the base of the lyrics of a music.

Wind, local music, this part of the selection of fifteen countries and regions of the tunes, called the fifteen national winds, a total of 160 articles, the content is folk songs, these fifteen national winds are: Zhou Nan (now Shaanxi, Henan), Zhaonan (now Henan, Hubei), Ye, Yong, Wei, Wang, Zheng, Qi, Wei, Tang, Qin, Chen, Juni, Cao, Feng.

Among them, Zhounan and Zhaonan are produced in the middle reaches of the Han River and the Yangtze River, and the rest are in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. Most of the styles of the fifteen countries were written from the eastward migration of the Zhou dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn period, and most of them were folk songs.

The poem "Ya" is the tune of the king of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Wang Ji, Duliang Tuocheng area, is the Weishui Basin area, Yashi is the music of this region, the reason why this is so, there are two explanations: 1, Ya, the same as "Xia", Zhou called the Wang Ji of the Western Zhou Dynasty "Xia" Yale is "Xia Le", Xia Le is Wang Ji music tune 2:

Ya, Zhengye, Yale is Zhengle, at that time called the place of the vassal state ** for the vulgar music, the capital of Zhou Tianzi is the center of the country, out of the concept of respecting the king, the music of Wang Ji is called "Zhengle" Both explanations can be understood. "Ya" poems are divided into big and small, and the big and small elegance are similar to the large and small songs of the later generations, and the big and small tunes, of which the small Ya is closer to the "national style" may be the Wangji place that has not been transformed by the aristocracy**. 31 articles for Daya and 74 articles for Xiaoya, a total of 105 articles.

Most of them are aristocrats, and a few are the people. Regarding the production date, most of the works of "Daya" are works of the early Western Zhou Dynasty, and a small part of "Daya" and most of the works of "Xiaoya" are works of the Western Zhou Dynasty.

Song", Song is a sacrificial religion, the content is divided into praise of the gods, the merits of the ancestors, 31 ode to the Zhou Dynasty, produced in the Wangji area, Weishui Basin, is the work of the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty. There are 4 Lu songs and 5 Shang songs, all of which are works from the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period after the eastward migration, produced in the Lu State and the Song State (Song is the descendant of Shang).

The Book of Poetry is divided into 305 articles, which are produced in the areas of today's Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Hebei, Shaanxi, and Hubei, and are written in about 500 years from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period.

<> "Book of Songs" is divided into three categories: wind, elegance, and song, according to what standard did the ancients divide? Later scholars also have different views on this, and the following three are the most powerful.

(1) Based on the content and function of the poem, represented by the "Preface to Mao's Poems". "Preface" cloud: "The wind, the wind, the teaching; The wind moves it, and the teaching transforms it.

The upper is weathered, the lower is pierced by the wind, the main text is orange, the one who says is not guilty, and the one who hears it is enough to quit, so it is called the wind. "It is the affairs of a country, the foundation of one person, and it is called the wind; Speaking of the world's things, the wind of the four directions, is said to be elegant. The elegant one, the righteous also, said that the king's government is abolished.

The praiser, the description of beauty and virtue, is also known to the gods for its success. This theory had a great influence on later generations, and the Zun Mao faction said it from then on.

2) Based on the sound farewell, represented by Zheng Qiao's "Six Classics and Mysteries". Zheng Qiao said: "The sound of the terroir is the wind, the sound of the court is elegant, and the sound of the temple is praise."

According to Zhu Yizun's "Jingyi Examination", Li Zhongmeng believes that "the poet of the poem is the music of the ancients", "when the poet composes it, it is already the wind, for the small elegance, for the great elegance, for the ode, the sound of the wind can not be elegant, the voice of elegance can not be praised by people, and it is not waiting for the Taishi and Confucius to be separated". Cheng Dachang of the Southern Sichuan Song Dynasty also said: "South, Ya, and Song, with the name of the music."

The modern kingdom Wei also said: "Stealing is the difference between elegance and elegance, and it should be begged for." In addition, the "Book of Songs" was originally full of music songs, and this kind of "sound farewell" theory has a greater influence in modern times.

Most of the current textbooks talk about this.

(c).It is said on multiple grounds。This statement not only marks the sound and does not say, but also distinguishes and explains from the aspects of the song, the author and the style of the work, which is based on multiple factors. This was the case with Zhu Xi of the Song Dynasty, who pointed out that "wind, elegance, and song are the tones of the movement, such as Zhonglu tune and Dashi tune"; It was further pointed out that

The so-called wind of "Poems" is mostly from the works of lane songs, the so-called men and women and songs, and those who speak their own feelings. ......If the article of Ya Song, it is all the words of the suburban temple of the Zhou Dynasty, its language is harmonious and solemn, its righteousness is wide and dense, and its author is often a disciple of a saint, so it is not easy for the eternal law process. "The wind is the words of the love of men and women in the alleys, the Ya Zechao will Yan enjoy the work of the minister, and the song is the music of singing and dancing in the temple of ghosts and gods.

At present, Yuan Xingpei's "History of Chinese Literature", a new textbook for higher education, is followed by the note "The classification of Feng Yasong adopted in this book is based on the theory of **": "However, the formation of ** characteristics is also closely related to its use and regional characteristics, and the application occasions of ** with different characteristics are also different." Wind, elegance, and song were originally just a kind of ** classification, and there were also differences in content in circulation.

Although the editor did not say it explicitly, it actually adopted the theory of multiple bases based on **.

The classification of the Book of Songs includes three parts: wind, elegance, and song.

1. Wind part:

1. Wind is the main type of chapter in the Book of Poetry, which is divided into six parts: "Guan Ju", "National Wind Lead Mountain", "Hong Yan", "Shao Feng", "Wei Feng" and "Tang Feng". Among them, "Guan Ju" contains the earliest poems, which is one of the earliest surviving poems in China.

2. "National Style" is regarded as the essence of the Book of Poetry, describing the political, military, social, marriage, family and other aspects of life of the Zhou Dynasty, as well as the actual emotions of the people such as love, sorrow, and worry.

3. "Hong Yan" is a part with the theme of love, while "Shao Feng", "Wei Feng" and "Tang Feng" mainly describe various stories and emotions in the court, the army and pastoral life respectively.

Second, the elegant part:

1. Ya is a type of passage in the Book of Poetry with beautiful tone and wonderful words, which is usually used to praise the monarch or describe the surrounding natural Huai Da environment. The ancients also classified traditional art forms such as songs and dances, which they considered to be in line with the path of Ya.

2. Ya is divided into two parts, Daya and Xiaoya, Daya is used to praise the noble character and governing ability of the king, its representative work is "King Wen's Shi", Xiaoya pays more attention to the performance of natural scenery, customs, shirts and many life scenes.

3. Ode to the part:

1. Ode is the most common type of passage in the Book of Poetry, which is divided into three parts: "Ode to Zhou", "Ode to Shang" and "The Wind of Daya".

2. Carols are usually sung at sacrificial ceremonies and banquets, and are an important part of ancient Chinese sacrificial culture, among which "Song of Zhou" is the most famous, expressing the beautiful yearning and deep thinking of the ancestors of the Zhou Dynasty on heaven and earth, people, political ethics, etc.

Fourth, the introduction of the Book of Poetry:

1. "Book of Songs" is the beginning of ancient Chinese poetry, the earliest collection of poetry, collected the poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, a total of 311 articles, of which 6 are sheng poems, that is, only the title, no content, called six sheng poems, "Nanyi", "Baihua", "Hua Huang", "You Geng", "Chongqiu", "You Yi" reflect the social outlook of about 500 years from the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty to the late Zhou Dynasty.

2. The author of the "Book of Songs" is unknown, and most of them can no longer be verified, and it is said that Yin Jifu collected Confucius and compiled it. The Book of Songs was called "Poetry" in the pre-Qin period, or the whole number was called "Three Hundred Poems", and it was respected as a Confucian classic in the Western Han Dynasty, and was originally called "The Book of Songs", and has been used to this day.