Child Psychology Research Program 1, What are the basic principles of child psychology research

Child psychology is a science that studies the basic laws and age characteristics of children's psychological development, and it should take the following basic principles as its own guideline.

1) The principle of objectivity.

Children's psychology is a reflection of the objective existence in the child's mind, so it must be studied according to the child's social and educational conditions and the development of the child's organism, especially the development of the child's higher neural activity.

2) Practical principles.

Children's psychology is not a mechanical reflection of objective existence, but an active response in the child's practical activities. Therefore, it is necessary to study in terms of children's actions and activities, and in the contradictory and unified relationship between the child's subject and its object (environment and education).

3) The principle of contradiction.

Children's psychological development, like the development of movement of all things, is a contradictory movement, which is carried out according to the law of contradiction. Therefore, it is necessary to study from the internal contradictions of children's psychological development, and from the dialectical relationship between quantitative and qualitative changes in children's psychological development.

4) Educational principles.

All research on children's psychology must meet the requirements of education. It is not permissible to conduct research that is harmful to the physical and mental health of children (e.g., bourgeois behaviorist studies on children's fears, or psychological experiments that do not take into account children's health), and it is not permissible to ask children **, questions, or assignments that contradict the goals and tasks of communist education, etc.

5) The principle of combining theory and practice.

The study of child psychology should be carried out in close connection with the practical problems raised in the cause of children's education in China. In the process of research, attention should be paid to conducting research more through reality, rather than research in isolation from reality. Of course, this does not mean that research work should be confined to a very narrow scope of "practicality," still less that it should exclude the study of theoretical issues that are integrated with reality.

6) The principle of combining general and individual.

Therefore, in studying the general facts and laws of children's psychological development, we should also take into account the special laws and individual differences of children's psychological development, and should not absolutely oppose the general and the individual.

1. The principle of objectivity. In the research methods of psychology, it is necessary to avoid the influence of idealistic viewpoints, avoid subjective speculation and simple introspective speculative methods, and base it on objective facts to improve the laws of people's mental activities. 2. Practical principles.

In addition to being carried out under laboratory conditions, the study of psychology should also be carried out under natural conditions and in the practical activities of human beings. Attention should be paid to the experimental study of the influence of practice on people's mental activities. 3. Developmental principles.

Psychological research should reveal the laws of human psychological development from different aspects such as human psychological prehistoric development, consciousness development, individual psychological development, and changes in environmental and educational conditions. 4. The principle of causality. In psychological research, we should not only pay attention to the strict control of objective conditions to avoid the confusion of independent variables, but also pay attention to the influence of subjective factors on the current mental activities of the subjects, so as to use scientific design methods to analyze the conditions and reasons for the development of human psychological changes.

5. Systematic principle. Mental phenomena, like anything else, are always in an organic system, and they arise and change for a reason. The principle of systems requires researchers not only to examine the object of study in an organized system, but also to use a systematic approach to do so.

The principle of objectivity means that the researcher's attitude should be to seek truth from facts, and in the field of education, it is necessary to reveal psychological phenomena as they are, and not to draw conclusions based on subjective conjectures, so as to reveal the facts, essence, laws and mechanisms of psychological phenomena.

2. The systemic principle refers to the systematic view of examining psychological phenomena.

The psychological law of human beings is a holistic system, a dynamic and open system. Therefore, in the process of education and teaching, when studying psychological phenomena, it is necessary to consider the wholeness and pay attention to the relationship between various psychological phenomena.

3. The principle of linking theory with practice.

In the process of educational psychology research, from the topic selection to the specific research process, it is necessary to take the theory of educational psychology as the guide, so as to avoid the blindness of research, enhance consciousness, and improve the efficiency and level of research. While attaching importance to theoretical guidance, it is also necessary to attach importance to the investigation and study of educational practice, proceed from the actual needs of education, solve practical problems in education and teaching, and link them with the school's education and teaching reform, so that only then can we make discoveries and make progress, and only then can we form research results with Chinese characteristics.

4. The principle of combining quantitative and qualitative research.

Psychological phenomena in the process of education and teaching are very complex, so it is necessary to pay attention to both quantitative and qualitative research in research.

Child psychology.

Unhealthy manifestations.

1.Hyperactivity. Children's psychological behavior can be manifested in children's behavior, and some children develop "ADHD". The main manifestations are hyperactivity; difficulty concentrating; high mood swings and poor self-control; Learning has been severely affected and several other aspects.

2.Anxiety. Refers to a sudden state of fear for no apparent physical reason. The specific manifestations are lack of self-confidence, oversensitivity, loss of appetite, and unprovoked crying. Such children are sensitive to unfamiliar environments, and are worried and afraid, even panicked, crying incessantly, often worried about being ridiculed by others, and have excessive attention to situations that have not yet happened, accompanied by unfounded annoyance.

For some trivial things in daily life, it also seems to be overly anxious.

3.Horror and insomnia.

Terror is manifested in the fear of certain things or situations and the feeling of fleeing, such as fear of thunder and lightning, extreme nervousness, and running around with their heads in their hands. Children are also afraid of things that are not dangerous or almost non-dangerous, and this fear is very prominent, and children avoid and withdraw because of fear. Children with insomnia have difficulty falling asleep, waking up from time to time during sleep, crying loudly, and even sleepwalking, but they can't recall it during the day, and only feel lack of energy and emotional instability.

4.Attack. This type of child runs around all day long, often plays pranks, and likes to sarcastically ridicule others. He has no regard for beautiful objects, and he has become a fetish for beating and showing aggression.

5.Bad interpersonal relationships.

Children with unhealthy mental health generally do not have harmonious interpersonal relationships, and often have communication difficulties with others due to personal psychological unhealth and other reasons. Unable to cooperate with others, indifferent to others, lacking empathy, suspicious, jealous, withdrawn, unable to be in the collective, and incompatible with people.

Develop the main ideas.

1. Psychology and consciousness.

According to Wallon, man is an active living being in constant interaction with his surroundings, not only as an object of action, but also as a subject of action. In his essay "Introduction to the Study of Psychological Life", he wrote: "Facts, whether psychological or biological, begin with the contact of living organisms with their environment.

With the growth of the individual, the change of the environment and the influence of education, mental activities develop according to the order from simple to complex, from low to high, from passive to active. In this process of development, mental activity not only shows continuous, multi-layered, and multi-level characteristics, but also shows a certain structure and stage. This is determined by the diversity of people's connections and relationships with the world around them.

The characteristic of the psyche seems to be that it permeates both society and biology, and in a certain way connects and intersects them, and finally realizes them by translating them into actions and activities. Therefore, the study of human psychology cannot be separated from the environment, especially the social environment, nor can it be separated from the growth of the organism, nor can it ignore the continuity and integration of mental activities. In these interrelationships, human development and maturation often play a leading role.

Child Psychology Research Methods:

1. Observation.

Psychologists believe that the most typical research method of child psychology is observation, which is established by careful observation, and observation is the main method of reflecting objective facts. Parents must be selective when observing their children, and must not stare at their children all the time, which will cause children to be disgusted. It also requires the observer to grasp the principle that the method should be combined with the point of view, and the result is only correct if the point of view is correct.

2. Experimental method.

In order to facilitate the observation of parents, they will change the child's living conditions and see what kind of changes occur in the child's psychology in different environments, which is called the experimental method. However, this method of observation is not suitable for children under 3 years of age, so it has certain limitations. Combining observation with nature is called natural experimentation.

3. Clinical method.

When dealing with children with psychological problems in clinical methods, it is necessary to extrapolate the causes from the results to study and figure out why the children have some typical behaviors, and after knowing the reasons, they will know how to deal with them, and gradually the child's psychology will be normal, which is of great significance to the development of normal children.

4. Statistical method of test.

Although the quantitative statistics method has certain limitations, it can still be used as a research method, that is, when you collect statistics, you should not be confused by superficial phenomena, and you must observe carefully.

The most important thing about the basic method in children's minds should be that it is more annoying, and there is the taxonomy.

If you want to study the basic methods of children's psychology, you need to look at the study of children's psychology in this area.

What is the basic method of studying children's psychology, which requires more contact with children and children, and a certain amount of communication.

The case method refers to the in-depth and detailed observation and study of a person in order to discover the causes that influence certain behaviors and psychological phenomena.

The advantage is that it can provide detailed and comprehensive in-depth information for the research question.

Being able to explain in detail the reasons for the generation, development, and change of certain psychology and behaviors of individuals helps researchers to obtain certain hypotheses.

The use of case studies to study children's psychological development has played an important role in modern psychology.

Disadvantages: Since the case-case approach uses only a few cases, the results of the study may be appropriate only for individual cases. Therefore, caution must be exercised in generalizing the use of these results or drawing more general conclusions.

It takes a lot of time and doesn't reveal cause and effect.

The case study method refers to the continuous investigation of an individual, a group or an organization over a long period of time, so as to study the whole process of its behavioral development and change, this research method is also called the case study method.

The main research methods of psychology and their characteristics:

1) Observation method: under natural conditions, systematic and planned observation of external activities that express psychological phenomena to discover the laws of the generation and development of psychological phenomena.

Advantages: large scope of application; Simple; The resulting material is more realistic.

Disadvantages: The results are difficult to be verified and accurately analyzed; It is difficult to control the occurrence of target phenomena; Subjectively influenced by the observer (observer effect, observer bias).

2) Experimental method: the method of studying a certain psychological phenomenon under controlled conditions; It is divided into laboratory experiments and natural experiments.

Advantages: Reveal causal relationships; Repeatable and verifiable; The quantitative indicators are clear.

Disadvantages: The experimental situation has a great ideological nature, and the subject is in such an environment and realizes that he or she is being experimented, which may interfere with the objectivity of the experimental results.

3) Test method: a method of measuring a certain psychological quality with a set of pre-standardized questions (scales); There are two types of tests: direct tests and indirect tests (projective tests).

There are three basic requirements for the test method:1Reliability 2Validity 3Standardization.

4) Survey method: Requires that the respondent be allowed to freely express his or her attitude or opinion on a certain issue. There are two methods: questionnaires and interviews.

Attention should be paid to the following:1Representative sample 2Subjects were influenced by social approval.

Pros: Easier to use, faster to collect data.

Disadvantages: not rigorous enough; Failure to reveal causality; It is more subjectively influenced by the researcher.

5) Case Method: Conduct an in-depth and detailed understanding of all aspects or conditions of the subject, collect the past and present data of the individual, and deduce the reasons for their behavior through analysis.

Advantages: It can explain the reasons for the generation, development and change of certain psychology and behaviors of individuals, and helps researchers to obtain certain hypotheses.

Disadvantages: It is difficult to generalize the conclusions of individual studies.

There are two types of research methods in child psychology: empirical research methods and theoretical research methods.

Empirical Research – The British philosopher Bacon said: "Science is the science of experiments, and science consists in the rational method of arranging perceptual materials." Induction, analysis, comparison, observation, and experimentation are the main conditions for the rational method.

Child psychology, like other sciences, emphasizes the rational way of organizing emotional material. Specifically, it is embodied in the following three methods.

1. Observation.

The observation method is a method of observing the changes in children's words and deeds under certain conditions in a planned and purposeful manner, making detailed records, and then analyzing and processing them, so as to judge the characteristics of their mental activities.

Observation is the most basic method of scientific research. Through observation, people can gather the most direct information, including the occurrence and development of the event, the process and related data. According to different dimensions, observational methods are divided into the following specific types.

In terms of time, it is divided into long-term observation and regular observation. Long-term observation refers to the continuous systematic observation of the researcher over a long period of time, the accumulation of data, and the collation and analysis of data. Regular observation refers to continuous observation at certain intervals (e.g., once a week) and a summary after a certain period.

In terms of scope, it is divided into comprehensive observation and key observation. Comprehensive observation refers to the simultaneous observation and recording of several psychological phenomena in the same study. Focused observation refers to the observation and recording of only one psychological phenomenon in the same study.

In terms of scale, it can be divided into group observation and individual observation. Group observation is when the researcher observes a group of children and records the various behaviors that occur in this group. Individual observation, also known as the case method, is the specific observation of a particular child.

The case method is one of the simplest and most straightforward methods of psychological research, which has the role of enlightenment and pilot.

2 Survey method: The survey method includes four methods: conversation method, questionnaire method, test method and product analysis method.

3 Experimental method.