How did the Tang Dynasty run the frontier? The Sui Dynasty s management of the frontier

The complex and changeable situation in the frontier is a common problem faced by the great unified dynasties in the management of the frontier. For example, after the Xiongnu surrendered to the Han Dynasty, the powerful Qiang people rose in the west, and the Southwest Yi and Minyue in the south also rebelled against the imperial court from time to time. The changes in the situation on the frontiers of the Tang Dynasty were more typical.

The author of the New Tang Dynasty Book said in the "Biography of the Four Yi": "In the Tang Dynasty, the barbarians were more prosperous and declined, and there were four people who should compete with China: Turkic, Tibetan, Uighur, and Yunnan.

The Turks, Tibetans, and Uighurs were in the order of prosperity and decline; The Eastern Yi and the Western Regions are secondary, and the importance of the soldiers is also; In the end, the southern barbarians remembered the death of the Tang Dynasty. It can be seen that the author has noticed the relationship between the rise and fall of the frontier peoples and the order of the Tang Dynasty's use of troops in the frontier areas and the rise and fall of the Tang Dynasty. For example, during the Sui and Tang dynasties and the early years of the Tang Dynasty, the removal of the Turkic threat was the center of frontier management at that time.

After Tang Taizong pacified the Eastern Turks, who posed the greatest threat to the empire, the Chebi Department soon rose in Mobei, and the Xue Yantuo Department, which had fought the Eastern Turks together with the Tang Alliance, took advantage of the power vacuum formed after the Eastern Turks were pacified. At the same time, after the Tang Dynasty concentrated on solving the Eastern Turkic forces in Mobei, the contradiction between the Tuyuhun and the Tang Dynasty, which rose in Qinghai, became the main contradiction. After Tuyuhun was annexed, the struggle with the Western Turks for the Western Regions became the top priority of the Tang Dynasty's frontier management.

After that, Tubo, which rose on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, attempted to dominate the Western Regions, competed with the Tang Dynasty for the strategic Hexi Corridor and the Western Regions, and infiltrated the southwestern frontier of the Tang Dynasty, forming an anti-Tang alliance with various tribes in the southwest, such as Nanzhao, to strategically encircle the Tang Dynasty from the northwest, west, and southwest. During this period, there were ten Western Turkic surnames who rebelled against the Tang Dynasty in an attempt to re-establish their hegemony in the Western Regions. From then on, the Tibetan and Western Turkic remnants posed the greatest threat to the Tang Dynasty's frontiers.

During the reign of Gaozong and Wu Zetian of the Tang Dynasty, Li Quanzhong, the governor of the Khitan Songdesert, led his troops to oppose the Tang Dynasty and occupied Yingzhou to plague Hebei, while the remnants of the Eastern Turks living in present-day Inner Mongolia established the Later Turkic Khanate and rebelled against the Tang Dynasty, making the Tang Dynasty's rule in the north and south of the desert precarious. By the time of Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the Khitan and Bohai states in the northeast and the Later Turkic Khanates, which possessed the north and south of the desert, challenged the order of the world that had been established by the Tang Dynasty. After the middle of the 8th century, the power of the Arab Empire extended into Central Asia, and penetrated eastward across the Green Mountains several times, attracting and conquering the Tang Dynasty's various departments in the Western Regions, and the situation in the Western Regions became more complicated.

Therefore, stabilizing the north, protecting Longyou, Anhexi, and stabilizing the Western Regions has always been the key to the frontier management of the Tang Dynasty.

If someone violates them, they go to war and rush back.

1. The Sui set up Heyuan County (now Qinghai Lake) in the northwest frontier.

Nanjing), Xihai County (the west bank of Qinghai Lake), Shanshan County, Jimo County, Dunhuang County, Yiwu County, etc., governed part of present-day Qinghai and Gansu, and the Western Regions were sent to Qingshi.

The vast area of Qingli was controlled by the Western Turks.

2. Lingwu County was set up in the north.

Shuofang County, Wuyuan County, Yulin County, etc., governed the vast areas of present-day Ningxia and Inner Mongolia.

3. Liaodong County, Yan County, Liucheng County, etc., were set up in the northeastern frontier, which governed the northeastern region of present-day Hebei.

4. In the southwest frontier, there are Qianwei County (now Yibin District, Sichuan), Yuewei County (now southwest Sichuan), and Qiqi County (now Guizhou), which govern parts of present-day Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan.

5. In the south, there are Jiaozhi County, Jiuzhen County, Rinan County (the above three counties are all in present-day northern Vietnam), Zhuya County, Lan'er County, and Linzhen County (the above three counties are all in present-day Hainan Island, which governs the northern region of present-day Vietnam and Hainan Island).

Sui Dynasty. In foreign exchanges, uphold a concept of convincing people with morality. Pay attention to strengthening friendship with neighboring countries. But in the early stage, we tried our best to maintain reciprocity; In the later period, its strength increased and it took the initiative to strengthen exchanges with border countries.

During the Tang Dynasty, China had extensive and close political, economic, and cultural ties with many countries in Asia and Africa, which not only expanded the vision of the Chinese people, but also enriched the economic and cultural life of the Chinese people.

In terms of major frontier policies: The relatively enlightened ethnic policy of the Sui and Tang dynasties was an important reason for the rapid development of all ethnic groups in the frontier. Tang Taizong.

The national view of Hua Yi as a family alleviated discrimination against various ethnic groups to a certain extent and improved the relationship between the Tang Dynasty and various ethnic groups. Hui.

Long-term friendly relations with the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty and Tibet.

and pro. The Tang Dynasty generally set up prefectures in the border minority areas, which played a very good role in consolidating national unity, strengthening economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic groups, and promoting the development of various ethnic groups.

The development of transportation in the Sui and Tang dynasties made frequent exchanges between the Central Plains and the frontier, and promoted the economic and cultural exchanges of various ethnic groups in the frontier.

All ethnic groups actively learned, absorbed the advanced culture of the Central Plains, changed the nomadic fishing and hunting life, gradually settled in farming, and adopted the advanced production tools and noisy methods of the Central Plains to develop agriculture, handicrafts, and carry out commercial activities. Under the influence of the feudal culture of the Han people, various ethnic groups imitated the Tang Dynasty to establish political and military systems.

The creation of writing and other writings accelerated the historical process of feudalization.

First, soft measuresThe so-called soft measures are mainly based on soft power.

Or a more flexible way to protect the interests of the frontier, with soft measures to solve the border problems since ancient times, and the Tang Dynasty rulers summed up the historical experience and examples of the previous dynasties at the same time innovated, introduced many soft measures. For example, the Han Dynasty and the Sui Dynasty also had a policy of harmony, and after the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, Tang Gaozu Li Yuan felt that the harmony and hunger tour was still of great significance for maintaining the stability of the frontier, so he still respected this policy.

Second, hard measures.

Although the Tang Dynasty's protection of frontier interests was dominated by soft measures, it was mainly with ethnic minorities.

In the course of the regime's negotiations, it is inevitable to use hard measures such as military means. Especially Tang Taizong.

During the Tang Dynasty during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty's strategic goals and expansion of the Tang Dynasty's territory and international influence were often achieved in the form of hard power.

Specifically, the hard measures taken by the Tang Dynasty mainly included: building a naval army and a cross-sea combat base.

There were many foreign races around the Tang Dynasty, in order to effectively manage the Turkic, Hui, Jian, Tiele, Murowei, Khitan, etc., the Tang Dynasty followed the Han Dynasty's system of capital protectorates, and set up six major capital protectorates: Anxi, Anbei, Andong, Annan, Shanyu, and Beiting. The Imperial Protectorate was a special administrative body set up by the Tang Dynasty in the frontier ethnic lands. It is divided into the Metropolitan Gofu and the Upper Metropolitan Gofu.

Most of them protect the second product, and the upper part protects the third product. The duty of the protector is to "soothe the feudal domains and the foreign invaders", and all the matters of "comfort, requisition, meritorious service, and punishment" for the surrounding ethnic groups are under his control.

As a unified multi-ethnic dynasty, the Tang Dynasty took a lot of measures in order to maintain social stability and appease ethnic minorities

1. Carry out national integration and royal harmony. One of the most famous is Princess Wencheng's entry into Tibet. In the fifteenth year of Zhenguan (641), Li Daozong, the king of Jiangxia County and the secretary of the Ministry of Rites, escorted Princess Wencheng into Tubo, and since then, Tubo and Paixu Tang Dynasty have become allies, and Songtsen Gampo has sent noble children to Chang'an to study poetry and books, and sent troops to Tianzhu to rescue the Tang Dynasty envoy to stop Yu.

2. Establish administrative regions for ethnic minorities. Effectively manage frontier affairs through the establishment of the Imperial Protectorate.

3. Eliminate the intrusive minority regimes. The Tang Dynasty also adopted a more fierce struggle against the border ethnic minorities who did not obey the Tang Dynasty's management, and eliminated these minority tribes by directly sending troops.

This lead question focuses on the distribution of ethnic minorities in the Tang Dynasty and the way in which the Tang Dynasty handled the relationship with ethnic minorities, mainly to test the candidates' mastery of the knowledge of the difference and the experience of learning from history to deal with today's ethnic relations. The Tang Dynasty was an important period of great development in China's ethnic relations, because the Tang Dynasty was a strong and powerful state, mainly the rulers implemented an enlightened ethnic policy, and correctly handled the relations between various ethnic groups by means of harmony, canonization, and the establishment of administrative organs, so that ethnic relations were harmonious, different ethnic groups lived in harmony, and ethnic integration was further developed.

At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Taizong of the Tang Dynasty built a governor's mansion in the old Turkic land and appointed nobles as governors to manage it. War: At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, he went to war with the Turks, defeated the Turks, captured their leaders, and maintained stability on the northern border.

Canonization: Tang Xuanzong successively canonized the Hui leader Guli Peiluo as the Khan of Huairen, and the leader of the Nanzhao Dynasty Pi Luoge as the king of Yunnan. and pro.

Songtsen Gampo and Princess Wencheng, ruler belt Zhudan and Princess Jincheng, Tang Fan Alliance.