How is gasoline refined and how is gasoline made?

Catalytic Cracking Catalytic cracking is developed on the hot cracking process. It is the most important process operation to improve the processing depth and produce high-quality gasoline and diesel. The feedstock is mainly 350 540 fractions of heavy oil in distillation or other refining units, and the catalytic cracking process consists of three parts:

Feedstock oil catalytic cracking, catalyst regeneration, product separation. The products obtained from catalytic cracking are fractionated to obtain gas, gasoline, diesel and heavy distillates. Some of the oil is returned to the reactor for further processing, which is called refining.

Changes in the operating conditions of catalytic cracking or fluctuations in raw materials can cause fluctuations in product composition. Catalytic reforming Catalytic reforming (abbreformed for short) is the process of converting light gasoline obtained by atmospheric distillation into reformed gasoline with high aromatic hydrocarbon content in the presence of catalyst and hydrogen. If the fraction of 80 180 is taken as raw material, the product is high-octane gasoline; If 60 165 fractions are used as raw oil, the products are mainly aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene, etc., and hydrogen is a by-product of the reforming process, which can be used as a hydrogen source for refinery hydrogenation operations.

The reaction conditions for reforming are: the reaction temperature is 490 525 and the reaction pressure is 1 2 MPa. The reforming process can be divided into two parts: raw material pretreatment and reforming.

Hydrocracking is carried out under high pressure in the presence of hydrogen and requires catalysts to convert heavy feedstocks into gasoline, kerosene, diesel and lubricating oil. Due to the presence of hydrogen, the hydrocracking raw material converts less coke, which can remove harmful sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen compounds, and the operation is flexible and can be adjusted according to product needs. The product yield is high, and ***.

Delayed coking is to make the raw material deep cracking under a long reaction time, with the main purpose of producing solid petroleum coke, and to obtain gas and liquid products at the same time. The raw materials used for delayed coking are mainly residues with high boiling points. The main operating conditions for delayed coking are:

The temperature of the raw material is about 500 °C after heating, and the coke tower is operated under a slight positive pressure. The ratio of gasoline, diesel, cracking feedstock and coke can be adjusted by changing the feedstock and operating conditions.

Gasoline, diesel, and kerosene are refined by atmospheric fractionation in petroleum refining, using the different boiling points of substances within a certain temperature range.

1---** is produced, transported to the refinery, and goes through a series of complex processes - desalination, dehydration, heat exchange, pressurization... Entering the atmospheric fractionation tower, the atmospheric fractionation column has many trays, the atmospheric fractionation tower preliminarily divides the oil into oil and gas according to the weight of the composition (petroleum is actually a mixture of hydrocarbons) - oil and gas, gasoline (straight run gasoline), kerosene, diesel, etc. (these components can not be directly commercialized and further processed), vertically speaking, the composition above the tower is light, the lower the composition, the heavier the composition.

2. --- heavy oil at the bottom of the atmospheric tower should enter the pressure reducing tower to continue fractionation. The heavy oil and residual oil of the pressure reducing tower should be processed into the catalytic cracking unit (catalytic cracking is actually the recombinant and macromolecular hydrocarbons are broken to form small molecular hydrocarbons, such as liquefied gas, catalytic gasoline, diesel...).

3--- Most of the gasoline we use is a mixture of catalytic gasoline (produced by catalytic cracking units, accounting for most of China's automotive gasoline) and straight-run gasoline (produced by atmospheric and vacuum units). Catalytic gasoline has a higher octane number (burst resistance) than straight-run gasoline, but the olefin content in catalytic gasoline is high - this will make more cocoa inhalation particles in the exhaust gas and pollute the atmospheric environment, so in general, catalytic gasoline should be hydrogenated by gasoline. Hydrogen is used to saturate the olefins in gasoline to a certain extent, thereby improving the quality of gasoline.

Whereas, the octane rating of straight-run gasoline is too low. Refineries generally blend gasoline before blending it.

4--- The blended gasoline should be blended to meet the standard of commercial gasoline: the specific method is to use a licking additive with a high octane number (such as: alkylated oil, MTBE, reformate oil) to add such as to the gasoline, increase the octane number of gasoline (gasoline label), and adjust No. 90, No. 93, No. 97, and No. 98 according to the requirements of gasoline labeling. Gasoline.

Gasoline is made by the most intelligent people, and it only succeeds after harming the citizens.

It is refined from petroleum and is divided into gasoline and diesel.

Gasoline is generally extracted from petroleum and the like. Gasoline is a volatile and flammable hydrocarbon mixture liquid, usually used as fuel for various vehicles, according to different uses can generally be divided into aviation gasoline, vehicle gasoline and solvent gasoline, etc., its appearance is mainly transparent or light yellow liquid.

How gasoline is refined

The main refining methods of gasoline include fractionation and cracking, including but not limited to: distillation, catalytic cracking, hydrocracking, viscocracking, coking, etc.

The refining method of gasoline determines the octane number of gasoline, and the gasoline on the market is generally set according to the octane number, and the common gasoline grades are 89, 92, 95, etc.

Gasoline is valued by human society, from the 19th century after the invention of the internal combustion engine using gasoline, the initial people can only refine about 20% of gasoline from the **, and then continue to improve the process and gradually produce many different refining methods.

According to the difference in the boiling point of each component in **, the method of edible distillation can be extracted from ** straight-run gasoline, generally speaking, gasoline is the first to boil, so the gasoline vapor is the first to be pumped away, and the gasoline vapor becomes liquid pure gasoline after cooling.

nbsp;Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons, often also known as **, through a series of processing, petroleum can be refined into gasoline, kerosene, diesel, etc., so let's talk about how oil is refined into gasoline.

Details:

Using the distillation method, according to the difference in the boiling point of its components, straight-run gasoline, kerosene, light and heavy diesel oil and various lubricating oil fractions can be extracted from the distillation method, which is a processing process. Then some or most of these semi-finished products are used as raw materials for secondary processing.

Different components in petroleum will boil and vaporize at different temperatures, gasoline is the first to boil, so gasoline vapor is the first to be pumped away, and after the gasoline vapor is cooled, it becomes liquid pure gasoline.

** is a mixture of multiple hydrocarbons and is a viscous, dark brown liquid. It is very wasteful to use ** directly, so it is necessary to separate the components in **, usually using the method of distillation, that is, to precisely control the temperature to make the components of a specific boiling point volatilize.

Vacuum distillation: The atmospheric press oil is distilled under an absolute pressure of about 8kpa to produce heavy distillate as lubricating oil, cracking raw material or cracking raw material, and the residue at the bottom of the column is vacuum residue. If the light oil content is more or the market demand for fuel oil is more, distillation can also only include two processes: pretreatment and atmospheric distillation, commonly known as plucking.

**Some of the fractions obtained from distillation are raw materials for some petroleum products; Some are raw materials for secondary processing.

Gasoline is generally extracted from petroleum and the like.

Gasoline is a volatile and flammable hydrocarbon mixture liquid that is fractionated and cracked from petroleum, and can be used as fuel. The appearance is a transparent liquid, flammable, with a distillation range of 30 to 220, the main components are C5 C12 aliphatic hydrocarbons and naphthenes, as well as a certain amount of aromatic hydrocarbons, and gasoline has a high octane number (anti-knock combustion).

According to the octane number is divided into 89, 90, 92, 93, 95, 97, 98 and other grades, from January 2012, gasoline grades 90, 93, 97 revised to 89, 92, 95. Gasoline is a colorless to light yellow easy-flowing liquid at room temperature, difficult to dissolve in water, and the air content is 74 123 grams cubic meters when exposed to fire**. The calorific value of gasoline is about 44,000 kJ kg (the calorific value of fuel refers to the heat generated after the complete combustion of 1 kg of fuel).

Gasoline-related information

Gasoline often contains mechanical impurities and moisture. Mechanical impurities can cause serious consequences such as oil circuit blockage and increased wear. Water mixed into gasoline will accelerate the oxidation of gasoline, and form an acidic aqueous solution with low-water molecular organic acids in gasoline to corrode metals, and it is easy to freeze and form ice particles at low temperatures to block the oil circuit.

Therefore, the mixing of mechanical impurities and water should be strictly controlled in vehicle gasoline.

Gasoline is one of the most widely used light petroleum products and is an important fuel for engines. Gasoline is mainly used as a power fuel for transportation. Rubber, paints, dyes, printing, pharmaceuticals, adhesives and other industrial gasoline as solvents.

Gasoline is used as a degreaser for the washing and decontamination of machine parts and laundry, as well as for the pre-treatment of electroplating products.

The above content refers to Encyclopedia - Gasoline (Fuel).

The gasoline we use in daily life is refined by the distillation method, which is untreated petroleum, usually different components in the oil will be vaporized or boiled at different temperatures, gasoline is often the first to boil into gasoline vapor to be pumped away, and when the gasoline is cooled, it will become liquid pure gasoline.

Gasoline is a kind of hydrocarbon mixture liquid that is fractionated or cracked and cracked out of petroleum, and gasoline often has volatile, flammable and other properties, so we must pay attention to the surrounding environment when using gasoline, so as to avoid the phenomenon of combustion when gasoline encounters the fire source.

The main component of gasoline is C5 C12 aliphatic hydrocarbons and naphthenic hydrocarbons, which will also contain a part of aromatic hydrocarbons and benzene rings, so gasoline has a high octane number, that is, it has high anti-detonation and combustion performance, so gasoline is the preferred fuel for motor vehicle fuel.