Sima talks about the study of Huang Lao, and Huang Lao and other schools of thought in the study of

Sima Tan said that "because of the great shun of yin and yang, the goodness of Confucianism and ink, the naming and the importance of the law, the migration with the times, the change of things, the establishment of customs, and everything is appropriate." Huang Lao Taoism adopted an eclectic and inclusive attitude towards the hundred schools of Confucianism and Mohism, which not only enriched his own theoretical system, but also had a profound impact on other schools. Historical facts also show that most of the periods when Huang Lao Taoism was used to govern the country were periods of cultural prosperity and contention among a hundred schools of thought.

1. Relationship with Taoism.

Huang Lao Taoism is one of the two major branches of Taoism. During the Warring States Qin and Han dynasties, it was the main form of Taoist thought. After the rise of Wei and Jin metaphysics, its position was replaced by the Lao Zhuang school.

And it has a very close relationship with the Lao Zhuang faction. This "Tao Te Ching" is the result of the joint fusion of Lao Tzu's original thought and Huang Lao's thought, even the representative work of the Lao Zhuang school - "Zhuangzi", is also deeply marked by Huang Lao's thought, 2, and the relationship with Legalism.

In terms of academic origin, Legalism is derived from Huang Lao Taoism. The Legalist school attaches great importance to the regularity of the Tao, clarifies the relationship between "Tao" and "Reason", and inherits and develops Huang Lao's thought. And the so-called spell potential that they focused on was first put forward by Huang Lao Taoist.

So it is similar in many ways, so many people believe that Huang Lao Taoism and Legalism are the same as "the art of the south of the king". However, Huang Lao's Taoism adheres to the principle of "the Tao is pure and quiet, and the Tao gives birth to the law", which is in stark contrast to the Legalist school. Therefore, after the fall of the violent Qin that reused Legalist thought, the new Han Dynasty wanted to use Huang Lao's thought to set things right.

3. Relationship with Confucianism.

Huang Lao Taoism absorbed the Confucian idea of hierarchy and benevolence, righteousness, and etiquette, and at the same time, Huang Lao Taoism's idea of great unification and the idea of combining criminal and moral punishment also had a profound impact on Confucianism. Because the pure use of Confucianism will bring about Wang Mang-style disasters, most of the future rulers are "external Confucianism and internal law", or "external Confucianism, internal Huang Lao". In the early years of many dynasties, Confucianism and Huang Lao thought played an important role in the socio-economic and cultural recovery.

4. Relationship with miscellaneous families.

Because Huang Lao Taoism is eclectic to the hundred schools of thought, it presents a mottled and mixed characteristic, so it is often regarded as a miscellaneous family in history, but in fact, Huang Lao Taoism's thoughts on the hundred schools of thought of the sons are all based on Taoist thought. Reflected in "Guanzi", "Lü's Spring and Autumn", and "Huainanzi", it is guided by Taoist thought, absorbing the hundred schools of thought of Zhuzi, and integrating them, which is different from pure miscellaneous schools such as "Yanzi Spring and Autumn".

Sima Tan is the father of the great historian Sima Qian.

Sima Qian (145 BC or 135 BC - not available).

The character is long, born in Longmen (Xiayang, Western Han Dynasty, now Hanchengnan, Shaanxi, and now Hejin, Shanxi), a historian and essayist of the Western Han Dynasty. Sima Tan's son, Ren Taishi Ling, was punished by the palace for defending Li Ling's defeat, and later served as Zhongshu Ling. He continued to complete the historical books he wrote, and was honored by later generations as Shi Qian, Taishi Gong, and the father of history.

In his early years, Sima Qian studied under Kong Anguo and Dong Zhongshu, roaming all over the world, understanding customs and collecting rumors. The first Langzhong was appointed to the southwest. In the third year of Yuan Feng (108 BC), he served as Taishi Ling, inherited his father's business, and wrote history.

With his historical knowledge of "studying heaven and man, through the changes of the past and the present, and becoming the words of a family", he created China's first general history in the form of biographies "Historical Records" (formerly known as "Taishi Gongshu"). Recognized as a model of Chinese history books, the book records the history of more than 3,000 years from the legendary Yellow Emperor period to the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

Sima Tan is Sima Qian's father, he is erudite and wise, and he is a real everyone.

I think many readers can name Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. However, in addition to the setbacks and ups and downs brought to Sima Qian by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, which allowed him to calm down and write the "Historical Records", another person who influenced him to "study the heavens and people, through the changes of the past and the present, and become a family" is his father-Sima Tan.

So, what kind of person was Sima Qian's father? What kind of experience did this father have that influenced the young Sima Qian? Let me take you through the stories that happened in history.

Sima Qian wrote "Historical Records" to a certain extent, in order to inherit his father's legacy and glorify his ancestors.

Sima clan hereditary hereditary Zhou Shi and military generals. However, since the Sima clan left the Zhou State in the Spring and Autumn Period and went to the Jin Kingdom, the Sima clan gradually declined. With the decline of the family, the sense of classic history that has been passed down from generation to generation has gradually faded, and the historian culture has long existed in name only.

Sima Tan, who was in the prime of life, could not bear to see this situation, and was determined to shoulder the responsibility of the Sima clan and revitalize family historiography. Therefore, he studied ancient texts every day, made a thousand times more effort than others to study knowledge in various fields, and worked hard to learn Taoism, Yi Xue, Tianguan Xue, etc.

When Sima Yan carried the banner of revitalizing the family culture, it also meant that the little Sima Qian was also the guardian of this banner. Under the supervision of his father, coupled with Sima Qian's love for historiography, Sima Qian began to recite ancient texts at the age of ten, laying the foundation for his later deeds.

Before becoming an official, Sima Tan received the teachings of a private school teacher in his hometown all the year round, and he already had a foundation of cultural knowledge. After joining the office, Sima Tan did not dare to participate in the officialdom struggle, but kept the mission of revitalizing family historiography in mind and tirelessly pursued learning.

When Sima talked about entering the office, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty had already accepted Dong Zhongshu's opinion and opened the prelude to "depose the hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone", but because the Empress Dowager respected Huang Lao's learning, she did not depose Taoism, but at this time Taoism was already in the twilight of the sunset and was weakening day by day.

Sima Tan did not turn around and throw himself into the arms of Confucianism because of the decline of Huang Laozhi's learning, but continued to ask Huang Zi for advice on learning Taoism. The two were like-minded, talked very happily, like a fish in water, Huang Zi taught knowledge without reservation, and Sima Tan's Taoist cultivation was also better than the blue, becoming a first-class Taoist in the Western Han Dynasty. And Sima Qian often followed his father, and under the influence of his ears and eyes, he also learned a lot of Taoist knowledge.

In addition, Sima Tan was not an old-fashioned school, he had a unique vision, and while he studied Taoism, he also saw the future of Confucianism, so he often asked Sima Qian to learn from Confucian masters such as Dong Zhongshu and Kong Anguo. Sima Tan, who was well-educated in Taoism, was not limited to just one subject, but also began to study astronomy and easy learning.

The most important Taoist classics are the Tao Te Ching, and the more important ones are Zhuangzi, Guanzi, Yellow Emperor's Neijing, Osprey Guanzi, Liezi, Baopuzi Neijing, Wenzi and so on. Taoism and Taoism are distinct, but interrelated. The following is only a brief introduction to some of the main ideas of Taoism from the Tao Te Ching:

The most important doctrine of Taoism is first of all the understanding of Tao and virtue, in the Tao Te Ching: "Tao Sheng."

1. A lifetime. Second, two lives.

Three, three begets of all things. "It is the beginning of everything and the biochemical of all things. And "virtue" is differentiated from "Tao", and all things must have "virtue", because "Tao" is the whole, "virtue" is the individual, virtue refers to the characteristics contained in all things, "Tao" and "virtue", there is a relationship between commonality and characteristics.

Therefore, it is said that it is the body of virtue, and virtue is the use of the Tao, and half of the "Tao Te Ching" says that half of it says virtue.

Later, Lao Tzu put forward the concept of "nature" to explain "Tao" and "virtue". "Tao Te Ching" cloud: "Man is the law of the earth, the earth is the law of the sky, the heaven is the law, and the Tao is the nature".

It is believed that the Tao gives birth to all things and the activities of heaven, earth, and man should be based on "natural non-action", and it is not that there is a "natural" entity above the "Tao".

The "quietness", "non-action", "weakness", "indisputability", "holding one", "lack of desire", "nature", "mysteriousness" and so on are often mentioned in the works of Lao, Zhuang and Lie, as methods of life and cultivation, and they are also exerted from the basic principles of "Tao" and "virtue".

Wu Wei is one of the important concepts of "Lao Tzu" philosophy, which believes that the way of heaven is natural and inaction, and people should also follow the way of heaven, do not act in vain, pay attention to tranquility and few desires, have no quarrel with the world, and be cautious to avoid disasters. Lao Tzu advocates: "For nothing, nothing to do, tasteless"; "The saint does nothing and does not teach"; "Those who do it lose, and those who hold it lose."

Weak" Lao Tzu said: "The use of the weak is the Tao", and believes that "weakness" is the role of "Tao". "Weakness is better than strength, and softness is stronger".

Indisputability is the basic attitude towards social life. Lao Tzu said: "The good is like water, the water is good for all things without fighting, and the evil of everyone is better than the Tao."

Tao Te Ching cloud: "If you don't see yourself, you don't see yourself, you don't show yourself, you don't have merit, you don't grow yourself." The husband is not fighting, so the world can not fight with him".

"Holding one" is the basic cultivation kung fu in Taoism and even Taoism, simply put, it is to achieve the state of "mixed spirit" when meditating, so "one" means "mixed with one qi". "Tao Te Ching" cloud: "Carry the camp and hug one, can it be inseparable?"

Youyun: The sky has to be clear, the earth has to be peaceful, the gods have to be spiritual, the valley has to be surplus, all things have to live, and the king has to think that the heavens are chaste.

The representatives of the Taoist school are:Lao Tzu, Zhuangzi

Lao Tzu is a world cultural celebrity, one of the world's 100 historical celebrities, and is called Lao Zhuang along with Zhuangzi. In Taoism, Lao Tzu is revered as the ancestor of Taoism and is called "Taishang Laojun". In the Tang Dynasty, Lao Tzu was posthumously regarded as the ancestor of the surname Li.

Zhuangzi, surnamed Zhuang, named Zhou, the word Zixiu (also said Zimu), a native of the Song Kingdom, and his ancestor was Song Daigong, the monarch of the Song Kingdom. He was a famous thinker, philosopher, and writer in the middle of the Warring States period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

Taoism, a school of thought in the pre-Qin period, was mainly represented by Laozi and Zhuangzi.

Lao Tzu (Li Er) Zhuangzi (Zhuang Zhou).

Taoist classics refer to Taoism in the long-term development process, the accumulation of a vast number of classic books, Taoist scriptures include a wide range of content, not only recorded the Taoist doctrines, canons and precepts, cultivation techniques, Zhai dipping science and righteousness also retains ancient Chinese philosophy, literature, medicine, health preservation, chemistry, geography and other disciplines of precious materials, Taoist scriptures can be called a treasure house of Chinese traditional culture.

Sima Qian's father in the Han Dynasty was Sima Tan.

Sima Tan (c. 165 BC, 110 BC), a historian of the Western Han Dynasty, was a native of Xiayang (now Huachi Village, Zhichuan Town, Hancheng City, Shaanxi), and the father of Sima Qian. He was erudite and knowledgeable, and once studied the astronomical calendar with the famous astronomer Tang Du, learned the Yi from the philosopher Yang He, and conducted in-depth research on Huang Laozhi's learning.

During the period from the founding of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to the reign of Yuan Feng, Sima Tan had extensively dabbled in and studied the history of the development of the pre-Qin dynasty's thoughts, and believed that the popular schools of thought at that time, namely yin and yang, Confucianism, ink, name, and law, had their own shortcomings and strengths, and only Taoism could best synthesize the strengths of each school. He compiled the research results into "On the Essence of the Six Schools", which made an in-depth analysis and evaluation of the ideological characteristics of the various schools of thought in the pre-Qin period, which is a summary of the history of the development of academic thought in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period with high academic value, and is still a precious document for the study of the history of pre-Qin thought and philosophy in the field of history. In this article, he analyzes for the first time an important academic school since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

It also reflects the Confucianism of the Han Dynasty, and the doctrine of Yin-Yang, Legalism and Taoism "Huang Lao", that is, the so-called "Han family's own system, which is originally a tyrant and a miscellaneous system", rather than "pure morality" ("Hanshu Yuan Emperor Ji"). Thus reflecting the reality of the complexity of society and ruling ideas during the Han Wu era. The theory of the six schools not only provided important inspiration and reference for Sima Qian's later biography to the sons of the pre-Qin Dynasty, but also laid the foundation for the classification of the sons of the pre-Qin dynasty by the famous Confucian Liu Xiang and Liu Xin father and son in the late Western Han Dynasty.

Sima Tan was determined to write a general history in his early years, and when he was serving as Taishi Ling, he came into contact with a large number of books and documents, and dabbled in a wide range of materials. In the first year of Emperor Wu's Yuanfeng (110 BC), he accompanied Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to Mount Tai to seal Zen, but he was seriously ill on the way, stayed in Luoyang, and died soon after. On the occasion of his death, he earnestly instructed his son Sima Qian, who came to visit:

We must inherit the legacy and write a good history book. Although Sima Tan was unable to write a general history, he accumulated a large amount of first-hand information for the writing of the "Records of the Historians" and established some of the arguments. The praises of the "Biography of the Assassins", "The Biography of Lisheng Lu Jialie", "The Biography of Fan Liteng", and "The Biography of Feng Tang Lie" in the "Historical Records" written by Sima Qian are the original works of Sima Tan.

Sima Tan Or Sima Xi forgot that it was just one of these two people anyway.