What are the shortcomings of our public policy?

Hello, dear, I am happy to answer for you: the characteristics of public policy are: Wholeness, the problem to be solved by public policy is complex, and the whole is not only manifested in the content and form of the policy, but also in the policy process

Forward-looking, although public policies are proposed in response to real problems, they are an arrangement and guide for future development; Hierarchical: It has different specifications according to different levels; Diversity, the diversity of which is clearly derived from the "public" character of the policy legitimacy, ** behavior, is a special kind of "legal person behavior". The policy that embodies the behavior of the first person has a certain legal nature in itself.

The basic characteristics of public policy do not include systematization. The basic characteristics of public policy are holistic, advanced, hierarchical, diverse, and legitimate.

The basis and premise for the decision-making of public policy and the legitimization of policy-making must be rational and scientific thinking and decision-making. Generally speaking, the subjects involved in the formulation and operation of public policies are the subjects of the state's public legal power. That is to say, the main body of public policy is the main body of public policy formulation and participation, which has a wide range of involvement and influence, and has a strict public nature.

Principles of public policy implementation

1. Combination of principle and flexibility. Principled requirements require faithful implementation of the spirit and essence of the policy, and ensure the unity, seriousness, and authority of the policy. Flexibility refers to the flexible implementation of policies according to the environment and actual situation without violating policy principles.

2. Orderly implementation. Policy implementation should maintain a certain phased sequence and continuity of the process. This is a core requirement of the policy enforcement process. It is also an essential element for maintaining the stability of implementation.

3. Time limit for implementation. Time-bound means that each link in the implementation of the policy has a time requirement, and the time-limited nature of the implementation overcomes and prevents the arbitrariness and randomness of the behavior of the main body of the policy implementation, and at the same time, provides a unified and standardized time standard for the policy implementer.

Identification:Public PolicyProblem identification is an important part of policy analysis. The main task or content of policy problem identification is to understand the field, scope and solution of policy problem.

Different areas have different public policy systems, as well as different special conditions, resources and means to solve policy problems. Therefore, in identifying a policy issue, it is necessary to first identify the area to which it belongs and to clarify the nature of the policy issue. This will help to maintain policy continuity in all areas.

The boundaries of the field and nature of public policy are generally divided into a number of categories, such as political issues, economic issues, scientific and technological issues, education issues, population issues, environmental protection issues, military issues, diplomatic issues, etc. Since social life is organically linked and various fields are interpenetrating and intermingling, sometimes the qualitative boundaries of a policy issue may overlap.

The basic connotation of public policy issues should mainly include the following five aspects:

2 Perception of the problem: The objective fact or the Libina situation has been perceived by the majority of the society or the ruling group and its few authoritative rulers, and the existence of the problem is perceived from their own perspective.

3 Conflict between reality and expectation of interests: Serious conflicts create a strong need or a sense of deprivation, and action is necessary to change the situation.

4 Group and Organizational Activities: Only when people take certain group or organizational actions can they have the potential to influence the relevant public organizations and**.

5. Necessary policy actions of ** and social public organizations: The relevant ** organizations or social public organizations shall adopt corresponding policies in accordance with the law to solve the problem.

The main reason for the failure of public policies: the defects in the implementation mechanism and the quality of the implementers, which are the important reasons for the failure of policies. The influence of interest groups or pressure groups.

The principles of policy implementation are not well grasped. The impact of the policy implementation environment. Non-cooperation or resistance of the target group.

According to the bounded rational decision theory, decision-makers are not completely rational and are often constrained by many factors.

Including subjective factors and objective factors, only satisfactory solutions or sub-optimal solutions can be sought. The bounded rational decision-making model takes the pursuit of satisfactory solutions as the main goal, and is suitable for analyzing relevant policies related to planning, expenditure, safety and environmental protection. If the safety production policy is constrained by the level of economic development, the optimal plan is often difficult to achieve, and the basic satisfactory plan can only be sought.

Public policy refers to the formal decisions or arrangements made by the public authority of society to solve public problems. Usually, such decisions or arrangements are the norms and basis for establishing a certain social life, and can be expressed in the form of laws, decrees, plans, programs, procedures, etc. The basic definition of public policy contains the following connotations:

The main body of public policy formulation is the authoritative organization with legitimacy, including the legislature, the executive branch, the judiciary, and the relevant institutions or departments authorized by them.

The purpose of formulating public policies is to solve social and public problems, and in the final analysis, to solve the problem of the distribution of public resources or social public interests.

Public policies involving the allocation of public resources are expressed in the form of laws, decrees, plans, programs, etc., which are authoritative distribution schemes for non-private goods (values). Policy is not only symbolic, but also a behavioral process.

Public policy is to solve policy problems, policy problems are social problems, social problems involve the interests of the majority of people, cause general concern of the society, therefore, public policy to solve the problems faced by the majority of people, with public interests as its value orientation. Public issues, public objectives, and public interests are the three major elements of public policy.

The characteristics of public policy are: authority, class, universality, hierarchy and abundance.

The basic functions of public policy are:

Guidance and control functions. Public policy, through its specific mandatory norms, has the role of guiding and regulating the behavior of the public and social development.

Adjustment function. Public policy plays a role in regulating and controlling the contradictions of various interests contained in social and public issues.

Assignment features. Public policy can divide the public interests of the society into certain objects according to certain standards, and the distribution of social public interests is the essential characteristic of public policy.

Public PolicyThere are three reasons for failure:

First, the lack of motivation leads to the failure of public policies; second, low support leads to public policy failure; Third, public policy failures have been caused by internal and external failures.

Underpowered public policy failure: The reason is that the interests of the policy implementers are damaged or not taken care of in the new policy, and they lack sufficient motivation for policy implementation. From the perspective of scientific policy, a reasonable balance of interests is a necessary condition for high-quality policies.

The inability of policy design to reasonably balance the interests of all parties and the inability to obtain the support of the civil servant group is an important reason for the failure of many policies.

The failure of low-support public policies stems from public opposition, and although such policies have successfully solved the problem of the distribution of benefits within the organization, they are not in the public interest and have caused widespread public dissatisfaction and opposition. As a result, such policies cannot be successful.

The internal and external public policy does not adjust the internal interests of the organization, nor does it take into account the interests of the public, resulting in internal and external disagreement. On the one hand, there is an imbalance in the distribution of internal interests, and the motivation of civil servants to implement policies is not strong; On the other hand, the policy support is low, and the public does not understand, do not support, and even oppose and undermine the implementation of the policy.

Public policy is the organ of public authority.

through the political process.

The role of the selected and formulated programs to solve public problems, achieve public goals, and realize public interests is to regulate and guide the actions of relevant institutions, groups or individuals, and their expressions include laws and regulations.

Administrative regulations or orders, oral or written instructions from state leaders, ** planning, etc.

Policy-related de-leveling.

The so-called policy relevance refers to the degree to which the policy plan is related to the policy objectives. If the policy plan is directly directed to the policy target system, it is said to be policy-related and advanced; On the other hand, if the relationship between the policy plan and the policy target system is non-corresponding, it is called low policy relevance. If the policy relevance is low, it will be difficult or even impossible to achieve the expected policy goals after the implementation of the policy plan, and of course, it will not be able to solve the policy problem, resulting in the policy becoming ineffective.

Weakening of policy regulation.

The so-called weakening of policy regulation and control refers to the weakness and weakening of the control of policy implementation entities over policy operation. The main manifestations are: first, poor policy communication; Second, the policy control is weak.

In the implementation of policies, it is necessary to strengthen the communication between policy-making departments and policy-implementing departments, between the system of implementing agencies, and between policy-implementing agencies and policy-target groups. If the enforcement agency does not control the policy enough, the implementation of the policy will be distorted, distorted, and distorted, which will also lead to the failure of the policy.

The policy effect is short-term.

The short-term effect of policy means that after the implementation of the policy, it only has a temporary impact on the superficial policy issues, and fails to touch the deep problems. There are many reasons for the short-term effect of policies, the main ones being the short-term design of goals and programs, and the over-superficial implementation of policies. When formulating policies, we are satisfied with setting some short-term goals that are easy to achieve, and the policy plan only focuses on achieving short-term results, and does not study the deep-seated contradictions in policy issues.

Barrier to policy operation.

For policies to be effective, they must be ensured to operate smoothly. In the operation of policies, most of the obstacles that are prone to obstruction are concentrated in the implementation stage. There are many factors that hinder the implementation of policies, such as unsound organization of policy implementation, insufficient policy investment, and changes in the policy environment, all of which will hinder the implementation of policies.

No matter how good the policies are formulated, no matter how scientific and rational they are, if they cannot be truly put into practice, the effectiveness of the policies will still not be brought into play.

1) The characteristics of policy issues, the nature of policy issues, the diversity of policy targets, the number of policy targets and their behaviors need to be adjusted, all have a direct impact on the effective implementation of policies. (2) Factors of the policy itself. In the field of public administration, many policies are not implemented effectively, largely because of problems with the policies themselves.

The effective implementation of policies depends on the correctness of policies, the specificity of policies and the adequacy of policy resources. (3) Factors other than the policy, including the influence of the target group on the implementation of the policy, the quality and working attitude of the executives, the communication and coordination of the implementation agency, the policy environment, etc.

1. The connotation of public policy:

1) Public policy is a special form of decision-making and decision-making, which has the general characteristics of decision-making and decision-making;

2) Public policy is the basic mode or process of public authority, and is the expression of the will to power of public authority;

3) Public policy is the result of the initial drafting, optimization and selection of programs through the political process, and the basic axis of this process is the relationship between public authorities and citizens.

4) Public issues, public goals, and public interests are the three major elements of public policy.

5) Public policy is an authoritative value distribution scheme.

6) Public policy can be positive or negative in form.