How did China s four major inventions be transmitted to foreign countries? By whom are they separate

The four great inventions were introduced to the West through Arabia and played an important role in the development of European and world civilization.

Papermaking was first introduced to Korea and Japan. It was introduced to Arabia in the 8th century, through Arabia to the West, and finally throughout the world.

Movable type printing spread eastward to Korea, Japan, and westward to Europe via Arabia. In the mid-15th century, the Germans wanted movable type printing to print the first Bible, which was more than 400 years later than the Chinese used movable type printing.

During the Song Dynasty, the Mongols learned to use gunpowder in their wars with the Southern Song Dynasty. In the 13th century, the Mongols also used gunpowder in their battles against the Arabs**. Thus, gunpowder was introduced to Arabia.

At the end of the 13th century, Europeans learned to make gunpowder while fighting the Arabs**. Gunpowder ** was introduced to Europe, causing a military revolution and accelerating the collapse of the European feudal system, and Europeans also used gunpowder in mining, road construction and other projects to promote social progress.

During the Song and Yuan dynasties, many Arab merchants and sailors often took Chinese ships, and the compass was introduced to Arabia and then to Europe through Arabia, and later provided conditions for European navigators to open up new roads and discover new continents.

History 7th grade p63) does not seem to refer to the people who specifically helped the four great inventions spread around the world.

Most of them are through the Arabs, the four major inventions appeared in the Tang and Song dynasties, when foreign trade developed strongly, there were many contacts, especially Arabia, Persia, the Silk Road was opened, and later the navigation developed, and there were also contacts at sea, the Arabs came to China to do business and learned the four major inventions.

The four great inventions of ancient China were papermaking, printing, compass and gunpowder.

Papermaking was invented in the Western Han Dynasty, but the papermaking technology at that time was more complex and not widely spread, and in 105 AD, Cai Lun improved the papermaking technology, improved the quality of the paper and reduced the cost of paper.

Cai Lun was clever in thinking, one day he saw the silkworm woman reeling silk drifting, leaving a thin layer of short hair silk on the bamboo silk, which can be used for writing. So I was inspired to make paper from plant fibers. Collect raw materials such as tree bark, hemp heads, rags, and old fishing nets, and experiment repeatedly.

After nearly 19 years of hard work, we finally made plant fiber paper. Cai Lun's papermaking technology soon spread throughout the country. The raw materials for papermaking are available everywhere, and they are cheap and can be manufactured all over the country.

People call this kind of paper "marquis paper".

During the Sui Dynasty, people invented engraving printing, which was prevalent in the Tang Dynasty and was quite complete by the time of the Song Dynasty. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng invented movable type printing, which made book printing more convenient.

The compass first appeared in the Warring States Period, called Sinan, and there is also a legend that when the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou were fighting, Ying Long, a subordinate of the Yellow Emperor, invented the compass car. During the Song Dynasty, the compass began to be used as a sea navigation, called a compass.

The invention of gunpowder is related to alchemy, the ancients pursued immortality to refine pills, and the experimental methods of alchemy led to the invention of gunpowder. The gunpowder invented at that time, now called black gunpowder, is brown, and some people call it brown gunpowder. It is a mixture of potassium nitrate, sulfur, and charcoal, which is extremely easy to burn and burns very intensely.

Gunpowder was widely used in the military during the Northern Song Dynasty, and later it was introduced to Europe by the Mongols and Arabs.

Engraving printing was invented in the middle of the Tang Dynasty, and in the middle of the 11th century, Bi Sheng invented movable type printing, which was also introduced to Korea, Japan, Egypt, and Europe during this period.

The compass was first invented in the Warring States period, and the compass was introduced to Arabia and Europe in the 13th century.

Gunpowder was invented at the end of the Tang Dynasty, and it was introduced to Arabia in the mid-13th century, and then from Arabia to Europe.

The earliest invention of papermaking was in the early Western Han Dynasty, and in 105 years, Cai Lun improved papermaking. It was introduced to Korea in the 4th century, to Japan in the 7th century, to the Arab countries in the 8th century, first to Africa and then to Europe in the 12th century, to the Americas in the 16th century, and to Oceania in the 19th century.

Papermaking: Spread to Korea in the 4th century, to Japan and Vietnam around the 7th century; It spread to Central Asia in the eighth century and to Europe and Africa in the twelfth century through the efforts of the Arabs. It spread to the Americas in the sixteenth century; It spread to Oceania in the nineteenth century.

Compass: Spread to Arabia and European countries in the thirteenth century.

Printing: Spread to Goryeo in the 13th century, now the Korean Peninsula, and to Japan in the 16th century; Around 1440, Johannes Gutenberg integrated a number of technologies that already existed in Europe at that time and invented movable type printing with lead characters, which soon spread in Europe, essentially promoting the industrialization of printing. In 1584, the Spanish historian missionary González Mendoza argued in his History of the Great Chinese Empire that Gutenberg was influenced by Chinese printing technology, and it can be said that printing technology spread to European countries in the late 16th century.

Gunpowder: Gunpowder and gunpowder** were introduced to Arabia in the mid-thirteenth century, and through the spread of Arabia, gunpowder became increasingly developed and became a victory in the destruction of feudal bunkers**.

British sinologist Maddox pointed out: "The inventive genius of the Chinese has long been manifested in many aspects. The three major inventions of the Chinese (the seafaring compass, printing, gunpowder) provided an extraordinary impetus for the development of European civilization."

At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, the compass was introduced to Europe. The history of the compass is difficult to concretize.

In the last years of the Tang Dynasty, gunpowder had been used in the military. In the 12th and 13th centuries, gunpowder was first introduced to the Arab countries, then to Greece and Europe and even around the world.

Printing was introduced to Europe by the Mongols. It was about the time of the Mongols' westward expedition.

The invention of papermaking was not only transmitted to Japan and Korea, but in 715 A.D., the Tang Dynasty army went out to fight, and papermaking spread to Arab countries. In the 10th century, it was spread by the Arabs to Egypt and Syria. In 1150 A.D., the Arabs introduced papermaking to Spain.

The Four Great Inventions are the special terms of ancient China. If you want to look abroad, you should be from the 19th century onwards. In fact, nothing has had a great impact in modern times, and on the other hand, there are technologies or theories that are not inventions, such as cloning, such as evolution, which caused a hurricane in the field of cultural politics.

The main thing is that the impact of inventions on human processes takes time to demonstrate, and many things cannot be judged now.

The Four Great Inventions are a point of view on the history of Chinese science and technology, referring to the four inventions that had a great impact on the world in ancient China, and are important creations of the ancient Han working people, generally referring to papermaking, compass, gunpowder and printing.

This theory was first put forward by the British sinologist Joseph Needham and later inherited by many Chinese historians, and it is generally believed that these four inventions have played a great role in promoting the political, economic and cultural development of ancient China, and these inventions have been transmitted to the West through various channels, and have also had a great impact on the history of the development of world civilization.

The four great inventions of the United States were: video games, cola, and air conditioning, and the four great inventions of the United States before: airplanes, automatic rifles, grenades, and telescopes. The above are all inventions related to war, and the four major inventions related to eating, drinking, and merrymaking.

Contributions to the manufacture and promotion of electrical energy applications

Of the four great inventions, printing did not spread to the West, and during the Qing Dynasty of the Northern Song Dynasty (1041-1048), China's Bi Sheng (?) - c. 1051) invention of clay movable type sign the birth of movable type printing. He was the first inventor in the world, more than the German J

Gutenberg movable type printing dates back to about 400 years.

Papermaking was introduced to the West by the Ottomans (now Arabs) after the defeat of the Tang Dynasty at the Battle of Talas.

Gunpowder was recorded in Western sources during Genghis Khan's three expeditions to the west, and was well spread during the Mongol Empire. In the West, gunpowder was gradually adopted by Europeans due to their discovery of the enormous destructive power. In Europe, artworks depicting gunpowder** have been handed down as early as 1326.

The early artillery guns that appear in the artwork were loaded with anti-personnel objects such as spears, rather than cannonballs. In fact, Europeans had experience with gunpowder for half a century before 1326. In the literature, the earliest record of the recipe for gunpowder was written by the English monk Roger Bacon in 1260.

By 1340, cannonballs made of lead, iron, or stone were used. The English used artillery at the Battle of Kress in 1346.

Soon after China used the compass for navigation, it was adopted by the Arabian Sea ships, and the Arabs transmitted this great invention to Europe. Engels pointed out in "Dialectics of Nature" that"The magnetic needle came from the Arabs to the Europeans around 1180"。1180 is the seventh year of the Chunxi reign of Xiaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty in China.

The Chinese first applied the compass to navigation at least 80 years before the Europeans.

Papermaking: Korea (4th) - Japan (7th) - Arabia (8th) - Europe. Africa (12th) - Americas (16th) - Oceania (19th).

Printing: More than 4 centuries before Europe, it first spread to Korea. Japan. Egyptian and European compass: In the 13th century (Southern Song Dynasty), the compass was introduced to Arabia and European countries: In the 13th century (Yuan Dynasty), gunpowder and firearms were introduced to Europe from Arabia.

Four major inventions: papermaking, the compass, gunpowder, movable type printing.

1.Papermaking was introduced to Europe in the 12th century A.D. (Song and Yuan dynasties) (contributing to the Renaissance)2Printing was introduced in the 15th century (Ming and Qing dynasties). "This is the time when movable type printing was introduced, and now only the four major inventions generally refer to movable type. 》

3.Compass, 13th century (Song and Yuan dynasties), the compass was introduced to Arabia and European countries. (It provided important conditions for the opening of European shipping routes and the discovery of the Americas to achieve circumnavigation).

4.Gunpowder was introduced to Arabia in the mid-13th century and later to Europe from Arabia.

1. Papermaking was introduced to Europe in the 12th century A.D. (Song and Yuan).

2. Printing was introduced to Korea, Japan, Central Asia, West Asia and Europe in the 15th century (Ming and Qing dynasties).

3. The compass was introduced to Arabia and European countries in the 13th century (Song and Yuan dynasties).

4. Gunpowder was introduced to Arabia in the mid-13th century, and then from Arabia to Europe.