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Anonymous users2024-02-06** Tricarboxylic acid cycle, because the main intermediate metabolites in this cycle are organic acids containing three carboxyl groups; Since the first product in the apparatus is citric acid, it is also called the citric acid cycle; Or named the Krebs cycle after the discoverer Hans Krebs. The enzymes involved in the reaction process, except for succinate dehydrogenase, which are located outside the inner mitochondrial membrane, are located in the mitochondrial matrix.
The main order of events is:
1) Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to produce six-carbon citric acid, which releases CoA. Citrate synthase.
2) Citric acid first loses one H2O to form cis-aconitic acid, and then combines one H2O to convert to isocitrate. Cis-aconitase.
3) Isocitrate undergoes dehydrogenation and decarboxylation reactions to generate 5-carbon A-ketoglutarate, which releases a CO2 and generates a Nadh+H+. Isocitrate dehydrogenase.
4) A-ketoglutarate undergoes dehydrogenation and decarboxylation reactions, and combines with CoA to form 4-carbon succinyl CoA containing high-energy sulfur bonds, releasing a CO2 to generate a Nadh+H+. Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
5) Carbonsuccinyl CoA removes the bonds between CoA and high-energy sulfur, and the released energy is transferred to ATP succinyl-CoA synthetase through GTP.
6) Dehydrogenation of succinic acid to produce fumarate, 1 molecule of FADH2, succinate dehydrogenase.
7) Malic acid is formed by combining fumarate and hydrate. Fumarate.
8) Malic acid is oxidized and dehydrogenated to generate oxalic acid acetic acid, which generates 1 molecule of Nadh+H+. Malate dehydrogenase.
Summary: In one cycle, a 2-carbon acetyl CoA is consumed, and a total of 2 molecules of CO2 are released, 8 H, of which four are from AcetylCoA, the other four are from H2O, 3 Nadh+H+, 1FADH2. In addition, a molecule of ATP is generated.
Features: 1) It exists in the cellular respiration of various organisms, which is a commonality of organisms in metabolism and a evidence of biological evolution.
2) High efficiency.
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Anonymous users2024-02-051. In citric acid.
Acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate condensation catalyzed by synthase citric acid.
2. Citric acid, cis-aconitum acid, isocitrate.
3. Under the action of isocitrate dehydrogenase, the number of isocitrate beams deoxidation decarboxylketoglutarate. Potato knows.
4. Under the action of -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, -ketoglutarate oxidative decarboxyl succinyl-CoA.
5. Succinyl-CoA synthetase catalyzes succinyl-CoA phosphorylation of succinic acid at the substrate level.
6. Succinate fumarate under the action of succinate dehydrogenase.
7. Fumarate malic acid under the action of fumarate.
8. Malate oxaloacetate under the action of malate dehydrogenase.
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Anonymous users2024-02-04<>1. Acetyl-CoA enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
Acetyl Coa has a thioester bond pants smart boy, and the acetyl group has enough energy to carboxyl group of oxaloacetate.
Perform aldol-type condensation; Bi Debate.
2. Isocitrate.
Formation: The tertiary alcohol group of citric acid is not easy to oxidize, and it is easy to oxidize when it is converted into isocitrate and the tertiary alcohol becomes secondary alcohol, which is catalyzed by cis-aconitase;
3. The first oxidative decarboxylation: this reaction is the rate-limiting step in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, ADP is the activator of isocitrate dehydrogenase, and NADH is the inhibitor of this enzyme;
4. Second oxidative decarboxylation: the alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is inhibited by ATP, GTP, NADH and succinyl CoA;
5. Substrate phosphorylation to generate ATP: Hu Wang in succinic acid.
Under the action of thiokinase, the thioester bond of succinyl Coa is hydrolyzed, and the free energy released is used to synthesize GTP;
6. Succinate dehydrogenation: succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidation of succinic acid to fumarate;
7. Hydration of fumarate: fumarate enzyme only acts on the trans double bond of fumarate, but has no catalytic effect on maleic acid.
8. Oxaloacetic acid regeneration: in malic acid.
Under the action of dehydrogenase, the secondary alcohol group of malate is dehydrogenated to carbonyl group.
Oxaloacetate is generated.
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Anonymous users2024-02-031. Catalyzed by citrate synthase, acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate condenses citric acid.
2. Citric acid, cis-aconitum acid, isocitrate.
3. Under the action of isocitrate dehydrogenase, isocitrate oxidation decarboxyketone glutarate.
4. Under the action of the -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, -ketoglutarate oxidative decarboxyl succinyl-Coenzyme segment Li A.
5. Succinyl-CoA synthetase catalyzes succinyl-CoA phosphorylation of succinic acid at the substrate level.
6. Succinate fumarate under the action of succinate dehydrogenase.
7. Fumarate malic acid under the action of fumarate.
8. Malate oxaloacetate under the action of malate dehydrogenase.
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