What is the common sense of history that is often misunderstood?

Historical common sense, logically speaking, is the most basic understanding of what happened in history, and it stands to reason that it is impossible to make mistakes. However, in fact, there are many historical common senses that are often told that are wrong. Here are a few mistakes in history that can be easily misled:

(1) Is there really a beacon fire opera prince?

Many people are not only familiar with the allusion of the princes of the Beacon Opera, but even many people with a low level of education are fond of this story, and even tell it eloquently. However, in fact, the allusion to the princes of the Beacon Opera is most likely fake. <>

The princes of the Beacon Opera first appeared in Sima Qian's "Historical Records", but this story is most likely due to Sima Qian's failure to do on-the-spot research or hearsay. According to Sima Qian's records, there are actually a few points that are untenable:

First, from the perspective of communication methods, beacon communication was not applicable in the Western Zhou Dynasty, but mainly began to be widely used in the Warring States Period;

Second, from the comparison of historical books, in the historical books that matured earlier than Sima Qian's "Historical Records", such as the history books of the Warring States Period, although it is recorded that Shenhou colluded with Rong Di to defeat the king of Zhou, which led to the destruction of the Western Zhou Dynasty, there is no record of the story of the princes of the Beacon Fire Opera at all.

Third, according to the geographical location, the distance between the vassal states of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty was different. If the method of beacon transmission is followed, then it is almost impossible for the vassal states to reach the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty at the same time. <>

2) In the ancient imperial examination system, no women participated.

In the impression of many people, the imperial examination system was often the only way for men to gain fame and fame in ancient times. People often think that in the ancient social atmosphere and hierarchical concept of male superiority and inferiority of women, it was natural for men to participate in the imperial examination system, and it was naturally impossible for women to participate in the imperial examination system if their status was so low.

However, in the Song Dynasty, a dynasty that later gave rise to such a strict hierarchy as the science of science, women participated in the imperial examination system.

According to the record of the "Song Hui Yao Manuscript", a nine-year-old girl named Lin Youyu applied for the examination of the children's department at that time, and the key was that she also passed the inspection of the Zhongshu Province of the Song Dynasty at that time. The emperor at that time, Song Xiaozong, was very happy, and he also rewarded this girl with a title. <>

So what is Pediatrics? In fact, the ancient imperial examination system was not only the Jinshi department, but the Jinshi department was only the most important subject in the imperial examination system. During the Song Dynasty, the number of subjects examined in the imperial examinations was simply breathtaking:

This includes, but is not limited to, the following subjects, such as the Three Rites, the Nine Classics, the Ming Law, the Pedantry, the Dictionaries, the Painting, the Martial Arts, etc., and naturally the Child's Course, which the nine-year-old girl participates in.

According to the regulations of the Song Dynasty, the so-called children's department is actually a child who is under the age of 15 and can be proficient in scriptures and know how to do poetry and songs, and participate in the examination under the recommendation of the local governor, and finally the emperor himself will take the examination.

Because the imperial examination system was set up at that time, it was estimated that there would be women to register, so when stipulating the qualifications of candidates, men were not specifically pointed out, so Lin Youyu seized the opportunity.

For example, in ancient times, concubines were not just rich, but there were many very strict laws. In ancient times, some big ** only a few hundred taels a year, ordinary people used copper coins, there are not many opportunities to see silver, not like what you see in the TV series, you can throw a lot of silver at every turn when you eat.

Li Shen is not a person who uses food sparingly.

Li Shen, the author of "Compassion for Nong", has been extremely extravagant in his life, and the official is Situ, and the idiom that Situ is used to seeing comes from him.

He is also one of the most contrasting people in history.

In the Water Margin, the beef that the Liangshan heroes called casually actually had strict control in ancient times, ** breeding cattle, how to sell cattle are strictly supervised, and it is not simple to eat beef.

Historians write in the context of their own time, and with due regard to the prevailing ideas of how the present interprets the past, sometimes writing to provide lessons for their own society. In the words of Benedettocroce, "all history is contemporary". Promote the development of history by narrating and analyzing past events related to humanity and by forming a "true discourse of the past".

For example, for the death of Emperor Jianwen of the Ming Dynasty, the "History of the Ming Dynasty" is very different from other books in the Ming Dynasty. In such cases, scholars will make reasonable assumptions based on the information they have. Therefore, it will be concluded that the "burning theory", "ordination theory", and "exile theory" appear.

For research, that's all right.

Many historians rely on folklore to make inferences. And these legends have also been passed down from the original. So a lot of history has been changed by people for some benefit.

Others generally listen to these rumors. For example, Adou (Liu Bei's son) during the Three Kingdoms period, many people said that he was useless. And he's actually smart.

Official history, wild history, secret history, etc., there are many documents on the same historical issue under different classifications.

The official history is written by the state-designated historian, and it will be omitted, hidden or tampered with due to avoidance, pressure and other reasons.

The wild history, secret history, etc. are unofficial compilations and are not necessarily reliable. However, it is also a material used in the research of later generations.

Therefore, when historians are researching, the bias of the above different types of historical materials will affect their perceptions, and the number of reference historical materials used will also affect the research results.

In the research, not only historical materials are used, but also many other materials (such as calligraphy, paintings, writings, etc.) of contemporary literati are used to support research.

Each historian looks at the problem from different starting points, angles, and positions, and the conclusions they reach will be different.

Modern psychology is rooted in the intellectual and cultural life of Germany in the 40s and 50s of the 19th century. Compared to the natural sciences, psychology is still in its infancy, and like every baby, its early growth is just as amazing. 150 years ago, it would have been possible to list the names of all psychologists in Europe and North America on the back of an envelope.

Today, there are thousands of people with psychology degrees.

The Ideas and Methods of Psychology** are based on philosophy, medicine, and the natural sciences, and the ideas of these thinkers mentioned in the book reflect this characteristic to varying degrees. There are thinkers (e.g. von Helmholtz) who have backgrounds in medicine and physics, some who are neurologists (e.g. Sperry), and still others who are mathematicians (e.g. Luce). There are thinkers, such as the linguist Noam Chomsky and the behaviorist Konrad Lorenz, who never considered themselves psychologists and rejected the title as such.

However, their ideas and research fields are very closely related to psychology and have had a profound impact on the way psychologists think about and interpret behavior.

European and American psychology takes some very important human psychology and behavior as the object of study, including brain, perception, motivation, learning, intelligence, language, thinking, personality, development and social relations.

Psychologists believe that a person's childhood experiences can influence what he looks like when he grows up, the main ideological influences that thinkers are exposed to when they grow up, and the critical evaluation of their research methods. At the end of each chapter is also a list of their main works along with suggestions for further reading.

The philosopher and historian Giorgio Santayana once commented that those who do not know history are bound to repeat the mistakes of their predecessors. This statement is not always true. In some cases, psychologists are already aware of past mistakes but repeat them.

But this repetition can sometimes be fruitful: going around in circles can be a good thing, as long as the circle is large enough that when a person returns to the task, he will see it in a new light, and mistakes will bring new insights.

In our impression, it seems that many historical figures have become so real and believable in legends that people have begun to have great prejudice and even disgust with those historical figures. 1. Wu Dalang and Pan Jinlian First of all, this first one is the story between Wu Dalang and Pan Jinlian. In legend, Wu Dalang is a short and fat villain who sells baked cakes, while Pan Jinlian is beautiful and tall, and is considered by many people to be the most inappropriate couple.

However, in fact, Wu Dalang is not short and fat, but a man with normal height and normal appearance, as for his wife Pan Jinlian, although she is really good-looking, she is not worthy of Wu Dalang, and the story of Pan Jinlian poisoning Wu Dalang for Ximen Qing has been passed down in the world for a long time, which is actually untrue. Wu Dalang and Pan Jinlian are actually very affectionate, and there is no Ximenqing from beginning to end.

Second, Qin Shi Huang is not heinous The second story is about Qin Shi Huang, in the history we have studied, Qin Shi Huang seems to be a heinous emperor, not only burned books and deposed Confucianism, but also spent huge manpower and material resources to build the Great Wall, which made people cry bitterly. But was Qin Shi Huang really selfish and only for himself in doing this? Of course not, Qin Shi Huang burned books to pit Confucianism, but only governed those Confucians who propagated crooked and evil ways, and the deposition of the hundred schools of thought was only to make Confucianism a unified ideology for everyone.

In addition, the construction of the Great Wall was also to resist the invasion of the northern Xiongnu and strengthen the northern defense line. So the real Qin Shi Huang is actually a Ming monarch, otherwise how could he unify the world and become a man worshiped by all six countries.

Third, Chen Shimei is not the first scumbag in history, everyone has also heard of the third story, that is, the first "scumbag" Chen Shimei in history, in everyone's impression, Chen Shimei abandoned his wife waiting for him in his hometown for fame, married the princess of the court at that time, and ascended to the sky one step at a time. But in fact, after Chen Shimei won the champion, he still returned to his hometown to pick up his wife, and the two of them and Meimei are a loving couple, not Chen Shimei who abandoned his bad wife.

Therefore, when facing these legends, we must maintain our own judgment and not believe the legends because they seem to be true. Many times legends are just for propaganda, not a reaction to the reality of things, so let's not dislike real historical figures because of them. What's even more terrifying is that these historical figures are not as heinous as the legends say, but their descendants have been misled because of the legend and are still ridiculed by people today.

In many costume dramas, maids can be with the master. Maybe many people think that this is the modern version of "sparrow becomes phoenix", but in fact, it is not, those maids could not do this at all in that era, and those who can enter the master's house are some elderly and experienced waiters, so ah, don't take it too seriously.

Zhang Fei is actually very handsome and cultured, not a reckless and ugly man, but his personality is relatively hot and short-tempered.

Before Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in World War II, Japan sent General Oshima to Germany to interrogate Hitler, Hitler urged Japan to want the United States to go to war, and Japan believed that Germany and Italy should declare war first, but Hitler believed that Japan was not attacked, so he brought out the treaty to talk about things, and many more famous scholars have made this fatal mistake, such as Gao Xiaosong, Bai Hong's complete history of World War II.

A long time ago, a group of people from the Central Plains moved to Lingnan (now Liangguang, Fujian, and other regions), and they had no one to rely on and could only work for the locals Very industrious, and after a long time, they gained a foothold in the local area and gradually became richer, and more and more local women married these foreign men Because of the habit, the locals called them laborers, and the wives called their husbands were also laborers, and the longer they integrated into the local area, others no longer called laborers, because the word gong was the same as the word gong, and the wives simply called their husbands, husbands, and this is the origin of husbands.

The straw boat borrowed arrows from Zhou Yu, the empty city plan was Cao Cao (someone used it in the Spring and Autumn Period), borrowing the east wind does not exist, burning the protagonist Zhou Yu of Chibi, Zhuge Liang is only politically talented, the halo given by "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is too big, and Zhou Yu was not angry to death, people died of illness during the march, not to mention Shengyu and He Shengliang.

The history of the Qing Dynasty shows that none of the emperors of the dynasty had the ability. As a result, the Tatars who had no ability to fight Wanli did not dare to go south for a hundred years, giving the Jurchens a chance to recuperate, otherwise they would have been exterminated by the Tatars. It was this Jurchen who founded the Qing Dynasty.

Wang Anshi, the culprit of the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty, the culprit of the continuous uprisings of the Northern Song Dynasty that caused the people to be harmed, and the historical sinner who has been scolded for nearly a thousand years, is now white and red.

Li Bai likes to be an official very much, but he can't be an official. So when he left the court, the only choice was not to accept the official uniform and let him wear it.

Deng Disciple described the big radish as a flower heart But Deng Disciple himself lived with an ugly wife and gave birth to five children.

Li Dazhao fought bravely in the War of Liberation and finally died, and it was clear that his predecessor who resisted Japan died well. Queen Victoria and Putin have no ordinary relationship, and Putin was not born when Queen Victoria died.